A Documentary History of
American Industrial
Society
Volume X
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2007 with funding from
Microsoft Corporation
http://www.archive.org/details/documentaryhisto10commuoft
^ATHOITS'
B^XLETHr
TOE IAU0K S
^i^Sttu
Official Organs, 1860-1880
Including those of national unions of farmers, shoemakers, molders, machinists and black-
smiths, socialists, miners, and engineers
Ec H
A Documentary History of
American Industrial
Society
Edited by John R. Commons
Ulrich B. Phillips, Eugene A. Gilmore
Helen L. Sumner, and John B. Andrews
Prepared under the auspices of the American Bureau of
Industrial Research, with the co-operation of the
Carnegie Institution of Washington
With preface by Richard T. Ely
and introduction by John B.Clark
Volume X
Labor Movement
y
0
Cleveland, Ohio \
The Arthur H. Clark Company
i 9 i i
Copyright, 191 i, bv
THE ARTHUR H. CLARK CO.
All rights reserved
AMERICAN BUREAU OK INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH
DIRECTORS AND EDITORS
RICHARD T. ELY, PH.D., LL.D., Professor of Political Economy,
University of Wisconsin
JOHN R. COMMONS, A.M., Professor of Political Economy,
University of Wisconsin
JOHN B. CLARK, PH.D., LL.D., Professor of Political Economy,
Columbia University
V. EVERIT MACY, Chairman, New York City
ALBERT SHAW, PH.D., LL.D., Editor, American Review
of Reviews
ULRICH B. PHILLIPS, PH.D., Professor of History and Political
Science, Tulane University
EUGENE A. GlLMORE, LL.B., Professor of Law,
University of Wisconsin
HELEN L. SUMNER, PH.D., United States Bureau of Labor
John B. Andrews, ph.d., Secretary,
American Association for Labor Legislation
THE DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF AMERICAN
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY COMPRISES—
VOL. I Plantation and Frontier, Volume 1,
by Ulrich B. Phillips
VOL. II Plantation and Frontier, Volume 2,
by Ulrich B. Phillips
VOL. Ill Labor Conspiracy Cases, 1806-1842, Volume 1,
by John R. Commons and Eugene A. Gilmore
VOL. IV Labor Conspiracy Cases, 1806-1842, Volume 2,
by John R. Commons and Eugene A. Gilmore
VOL. V Labor Movement, 1820-1840, Volume 1,
by John R. Commons and Helen L. Sumner
VOL. VI Labor Movement, 1820-1840, Volume 2,
by John R. Commons and Helen L. Sumner
VOL. VII Labor Movement, 1840-1860, Volume 1,
by John R. Commons
VOL. VIII Labor Movement, 1840-1860, Volume 2,
by John R. Commons
VOL. IX Labor Movement, 1860-1880, Volume 1,
by John R. Commons and John B. Andrews
VOL. X Labor Movement, 1860-1880, Volume 2,
by John R. Commons and John B. Andrews
LABOR MOVEMENT
1860-1880
Selected, Collated, and Edited by
JOHN R. COMMONS, am.
Professor of Political Economy
University of Wisconsin
and
JOHN B. ANDREWS, ph.d.
Secretary, American Association for Labor Legislation
New York City
Volume II
CONTENTS
Labor Movement Documents, 1860-1880 {continued):
V The Knights of Labor
1 Initiation Ceremony .....
2 Founding Ceremony .....
3 The Great Seal of Knighthood
4 The Spread of Secret Orders ....
VI Farmers' Organizations
1 Illinois Farmers, 1858 ....
2 Illinois Farmers, 1869-1873 ....
(a) The First Bloomington Convention, 1869
(1) The Call
(a) The Resolutions
(b) Illinois State Farmers' Association, 1873
(1) Preliminary Convention, Kewanee — Resolutions
(2) Call for the Second Bloomington Convention
(3) Resolutions, Second Bloomington Convention, 1873
(4) Springfield Convention, April 2, 1873
(5) Princeton Convention, June, 1873 — Resolutions
3 The Kansas Farmers' Cooperative Association, 1873 .
4 The Second National Agricultural Congress, 1873
5 Farmers' and Producers' Convention, New York, 1873
6 Patrons of Husbandry ....
(a) Outline of the Order
(b) The First Grange Circular
(c) "The Real Foundation"
(d) From Manufacturer to Farmer, 1872
(e) Legislation, not Politics
(f) Southern Problems
(g) Annual Sessions of Delegates, 1873-1879
) Sixth Session, Georgetown, D.C, January 8-11, 1873
) Seventh Session, 1874
) Eighth Session, 187s
) Ninth Session, 1875
) Tenth Session, 1876
19
25
32
33
39
42
61
64
67
71
i4 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
(6) Eleventh Session, 1877
(7) Twelfth Session, 1878
(8) Thirteenth Session, 1879
Finding List of Sources quoted
Guide to Libraries and Abbreviations . . . . 139
Newspapers . . . . . . .142
Books and Pamphlets . . . . . . 15 1
Index ........ 159
ILLUSTRATIONS
Official Organs, 1860-1880 . . Frontispiece
Including those of national unions of farmers, shoemakers, molders,
machinists and blacksmiths, socialists, miners, and engineers
Letter-head of National Land Reform Association in
1873 53
V
THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR
i. INITIATION CEREMONY
From a Manual, not dated. The Opening Service and Initiation were
drafted by Uriah S. Stephens. The Master Workman's charge was
drafted by William Fennimore. The whole was prepared in Novem-
ber, 1869. Stephens's interpretation of the Initiation and Founding
Ceremonies is given in Powderly's Thirty Years of Labor, 170-180.1
The key to abbreviations is reproduced in part from the Manual.
ABBREVIATIONS
M. W. Master Workman
W. F. Worthy Foreman
V. S. Venerable Sage
W. I. or W. INS. Worthy Inspector
A. Almoner
R. S. Recording Secretary
F. S. Financial Secretary
W. T. or T. Worthy Treasurer
S. Statistician
U. K. Unknown Knight
A. U. K. Assistant Unknown Knight
I. E. Inside Esquire
O. E. Outside Esquire
J. Judge
J. A. Judge Advocate
C. Clerk
0. V. Outer Veil
1. V. Inner Veil
S. of O. Sign of Obliteration
S. of D. Sign of Decoration
S. of R. Sign of Recognition
S. of C. Sign of Caution
C. of D. Cry of Distress
: We are indebted to Hon. Terence V. Powderly, Grand Master Workman
from 1879 to 1893, for information used in our notes.- Eds.
20 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
S. O. and M. A. Secrecy, Obedience, and Mutual Assistance
A. (*••) Assembly
L. A. (***) Local Assembly
D. A. (*****) District Assembly
G. A. General Assembly
A. K. Adelphon Kruptos (Secret Brotherhood)
A. T. P. W. Annual Travelling Password
F. and I. Founding and Installation
ADELPHON KRUPTOS
Opening Service. A Globe being placed on the outside of the
Outer Veil ; a copy of the Sacred Scriptures closed, and a box or basket,
containing blank cards on a triangular Altar, red in color, in the centre
of the vestibule ; a Lance on the outside of the Inner Veil, or entrance
to the Sanctuary, over the wicket ; that the initiated may know that an
Assembly of the ***** are in session.
The M. W. will proceed to open an Assembly in due form as
follows :
Precisely at the hour for opening, the M. W. standing at the
Capital, shall give one rap and say, "All persons not entitled to sit
with us will please retire." After a short pause, he will say:
M. W. The proper Officer will satisfy himself that
all present are entitled to sit with us, and make the prop-
er record. . .
Initiation. [The assistant U. K. meets the candidate in the ves-
tibule.]
A. U. K. Do you believe in God, the Creator and
Universal Father of All?
Candidate. I do.
A. U. K. Do you obey the Universal Ordinance of
God, in gaining your bread by the sweat of your brow?
Candidate. I do.
A . U. K. Are you willing to take a solemn vow bind-
ing you to S. 0. and M. A.?
Candidate. I am.
A. U. K. Do you swear or affirm?
Candidate answers as to which way.
The M. W. has previously to their entering, formed the Assembly
ten] THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR ai
in a circle around the centre, leaving an opening in front of the W. F.
station, hands joined, arms crossed, right arm over left, palm down,
left arm under right, palm up. The U. K. halts at the opening and
says:
U. K. M. VV., Mr. , has satisfactorily answered
all inquiries and now desires to be covered with our
shield and admitted to fellowship in this noble and holy
Order.
After a short pause, and amid perfect silence, the M. W. says:
M. W . Place him at the centre and administer the
vow.
The U. K. places the candidate and friends at the centre; places
their left hands on the sacred Scriptures, fingers over, thumb under;
directs the candidate to grasp the * of his friend, the friend that of
the U. K., and the U. K. takes that of the candidate, the three form-
ing a triangle over and around the Altar, and all pronounce the Vow.
Affirmation, when preferred by the candidate, made in the same way.
I , do truly and solemnly swear, (or affirm)
that I will never reveal, by word, act, art, or implication,
positive or negative, to any person or persons whatsoever
the name or object of this Order, the name, or person of
any one a member thereof, its signs, mysteries, arts, priv-
ileges or benefits: now or hereafter, given to, or con-
ferred on me, any words spoken, acts done, or objects
intended; except in a legal, and authorized manner, or
by special permission of the Order granted to me.
I do truly and solemnly promise strictly to obey all
laws, regulations, solemn injunctions, and legal sum-
mons, that may be sent, said or handed to me.
I do truly and solemnly promise that I will to the best
of my ability, defend the life, interest, reputation and
family, of all true members of this Order, help and assist
all employed, and unemployed, unfortunate, or dis-
tressed Brothers to procure employ, secure just remuner-
ation, relieve their distress, and counsel others to aid
22 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
them, so that they and theirs may receive and enjoy the
just fruits of their labor, and exercise of their art.
All this I swear (or affirm), without reservation or
evasion, to do and perform until death, or honorable
discharge, (an accepted resignation), and bind myself
under the penalty of the scorn and neglect due to perjury,
and violated honor, as one unworthy of trust or assistance.
So help me God, and keep me steadfast unto the end.
Amen.
All respond Amen.
The M. W. gives one tap to seat the Assembly. The U. K. will,
after the Assembly is seated, proceed with the candidate to the Capital,
and report to the M. W.
U. K. M. W., Mr. , has taken the solemn
vow of S. O. and M. A.
M . W. That act has covered him with the shield of
our Brotherhood. Proceed with him to the Base of the
Sanctuary, there to receive the instructions of the W. F.
Arrived at the Base the U. K. introduces the candidate to the W.
F. thus:
U. K. W. F., by permission of this Assembly of true
*s and the command of the M. W., I present to you
Mr. , for instruction.
W. F. In the beginning God ordained that man
should labor, not as a curse, but as a blessing; not as a
punishment, but as a means of development, physically,
mentally, morally, and has set thereunto his seal of ap-
proval, in the rich increase and reward. By labor is
brought forth the kindly fruits of the earth in rich abun-
dance for our sustenance and comfort; by labor, (not
exhaustive) is promoted health of body and strength of
mind; and labor garners the priceless stores of wisdom
and knowledge. It is the "Philosopher's Stone," every-
thing it touches turns to gold. "Labor is noble and
ten] THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR 23
holy." To glorify God in its exercise, to defend it from
degradation, to divest it of the evils to body, mind and
estate, which ignorance and greed have imposed; to
rescue the toiler from the grasp of the selfish is a work
worthy of the noblest and best of our race. Without
your seeking, without even your knowledge, you have
been selected from among your fellows, for that exalted
purpose. Are you willing to accept the responsibility,
and trusting in God and the support of sworn true *s,
labor with what ability you possess, for the triumph of
these principles among men?
The candidate answers. If affirmatively, the W. F. will say to
the candidate and the U. K. :
W. F. We will now proceed with our friend to the
M.W.
And accompanying them to the M. W. says:
W. F. M. W., I present Mr. , as a fitting
and worthy person to receive the honor of fellowship
with this noble and holy Order.
The M. W. taking his hand will say:
M. W. On behalf of the toiling millions of earth, I
welcome you to this Sanctuary, dedicated to the service
of God, by serving humanity. Open and public asso-
ciations having failed, after a struggle of centuries, to
protect or advance the interest of labor, we have law-
fully constituted this Assembly. Hid from public view,
covered by an impenetrable veil of secrecy (not to pro-
mote or shield wrong doing) but to shield ourselves and
you, from persecution and wrong by men in our own
sphere and calling, as well as others out of it, when we
endeavor to secure the just reward of our toil. In using
this power of organized effort and co-operation, we but
imitate the example of capital heretofore set in number-
less instances. In all the multifarious branches of trade,
24 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
capital has its combinations, and whether intended or
not, it crushes the manly hopes of labor and tramples
poor humanity in the dust. We mean no conflict with
legitimate enterprise, no antagonism to necessary capi-
tal, but men in their haste and greed, blinded by self
interest, overlook the interests of others, and sometimes
even violate the rights of those they deem helpless. We
mean to uphold the dignity of labor, to affirm the no-
bility of all who live in accordance with the ordinance
of God, "in the sweat of thy brow shalt thou eat bread."
We mean to create a healthy public opinion on the sub-
ject of labor, (the only creator of values or capital) and
the justice of its receiving a full, just share of the values
or capital it has created. We shall with all our strength,
support laws made to harmonize the interests of labor
and capital, for labor alone gives life and value to cap-
ital, and also those laws which tend to lighten the ex-
haustiveness of toil. We shall use every lawful and
honorable means to procure and retain employ for one
another, coupled with just and fair remuneration, and
should accident or misfortune befall one of our num-
ber, render such aid as lies within our power to give,
without inquiring his country or his creed ; and without
approving of general strikes among artisans, yet should
it become justly necessary to enjoin an oppressor, we will
protect and aid any of our number who thereby may
suffer loss, and as opportunity offers, extend a helping
hand to all branches of honorable toil. Such is but an
epitome of our objects. Your duties and obligations,
your privileges and benefits you will learn as you mingle
with, and become acquainted in, the noble and holy Or-
der of the *s of *. . . [Form of instruction in signs,
symbols, etc., omitted.]
2. FOUNDING CEREMONY
From a Manual, not dated. This ceremony wai prepared by Stephens
in the early seventies, and was used in manuscript form until 1878.
In that year the references to G.A. and L.A. were added, indicating
the General Assembly and Local Assembly. The Cypher was also
made in 1878 by the grand secretary, Charles H. Litchman. At the
first General Assembly, held at Reading, Pennsylvania, January 1-4,
1878, the Declaration of Principles of the Industrial Congress of
1874 (except sections 1, 13, and 14) was adopted as the Preamble to
the Constitution of the Knights of Labor. This preamble was after-
wards substituted in the Founding Ceremony for the religious feature*.
V
V
A
A
CYPHER
w o
M
N
X
D
C
a
B
p
I
F
3
H
L
E
K
T
X
Y
Z
A
The usual characters for
numbers- 1, 2, 3, etc.
KEY TO CYPHER
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
After becoming fa-
miliar with the cypher
destroy this explanation.
26 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
With a full complement of D. A. officers at the stations, the W. A.
(or M. W.) shall give ipw hvf and elevate the xvpa, all ris-
ing. Perfect quiet being had, the choir shall sing or the W. A. (or
M. W. ) and brothers shall read in responsive style the xxixth Psalm.
W. A. (or M. W.) The earth is the Lord's and the
fulness thereof ; the world, and they that dwell therein.
Brothers. For he hath founded it upon the seas, and
established it upon the floods.
W. A. (or M. W.) Who shall ascend into the hill of
the Lord? or who shall stand in his holy place?
Brothers. He that hath clean hands, and a pure
heart; who hath not lifted up his soul unto vanity nor
sworn deceitfully.
W. A. (or M. W.) He shall receive the blessing
from the Lord, and righteousness from the God of his
salvation.
Brothers. This is the generation of them that seek
him, that seek thy face, O Jacob.
(A short pause and solemn silence.)
Selah.
A pause of silence.
W. A. (or M. W.) Lift up your heads, O ye gates ;
and be ye lift up, ye everlasting doors; and the King
of glory shall come in.
Brothers. Who is this King of glory? The Lord
strong and mighty, the Lord mighty in battle.
W. A. (or M. W.) Lift up your heads, O ye gates ;
even lift them up, ye everlasting doors, and the King
of glory shall come in. . .
Brothers. Who is this King of glory? The Lord of
hosts, He is the King of glory. Selah.
VOLUNTARY
The W. A. (or M. W.) shall advance to the centre, and facing
the Capital shall say:
ten] THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR 27
W. A. (or M. W.) Behold the tabernacle of God is
with men. (Rev. xxi. 3.)
Response by all.
Brothers. And he will dwell with them, and they
shall be his people, and God himself shall be with them,
and be their God. (Rev. xxi. 3.)
Choir and Brothers.
AIL Amen.
The W. A. (or M. W.) shall draft or describe the nhwve Lwva
im cponxexiia at the centre, and when done resume his station, give
exhww HVFL, form the members of the new Assembly in a chain
around the centre (the other officers standing at their stations) and
say:
W. A. (or M. W.) Thus do I imprint the NHWVE
Lwva im cponxexiia on the centre of the sanctuary,
and thereby dedicate it to the service of God
by serving Humanity. Brothers, look well upon that
Sacred Symbol of "God and Humanity," and indelibly
imprint it upon your memory. Henceforth, while mem-
ory lasts, or ever this Globe performs its annual cycles in
obedience to the Laws of the Universe, so shall ye per-
form your obligations in obedience to the Laws of Uni-
versal Brotherhood.
Jubilate - Full Orchestra.
W. A. (or M. W.) Venerable Sage, How can the
pivaw and xiaz ihawh of the cponxel im awiH attain
their objects.
V. S. By ever standing miie ei miie, xvpa op xvpa,
and bopa xoEx bopa an unbroken circle of Harmony.
W. A. (or M. W.) Venerable Sage, How do the
Pivaw and xiaz ihawh of the cponxel im awiH re-
ceive others into fellowship?
V. S. By standing MIIE El MIIE, etc. (as above),
an unbroken circle of Harmony and Friendship.
28 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol
W. A. (or M. W.) Venerable Sage, how can the
pivaw and xiaz ihawh of the cponxel im awm pre-
serve the A. K. and shield themselves and us from wrong
and persecution?
V. S. By ever standing MIIE El MIIE, etc. ( as above) ,
an unbroken circle of Harmony, Friendship, and Se-
crecy, an Impenetrable Shield.
To the members of the new Assembly :
W. A. (or M. W.) Ye have heard. Are you willing
to thus secure yourselves and us from wrong and per-
secution?
They must all answer distinctly.
W. A. (or M. W.) Then repeat:
1 (each giving his own name) do truly and solemnly
swear (or affirm) that I will never reveal, by word, act,
art or implication, positive or negative, to any person or
persons whatsoever, except my Religious Confessor at
the Confessional,2 the name or object of this Order; the
name or person of any one a member thereof ; its signs,
mysteries, arts, privileges, or benefits, now or hereafter
given to or conferred on me; any words spoken, acts
done, or objects intended, except in a legal and author-
ized manner, or by special permission of the Order
granted to me. And should this Assembly lapse, decay,
or cease to work, I will at all times and at every expense
and trouble, return and deposit, and see safely and se-
curely placed in the hands of the officers legally author-
ized to receive them, the Charter, A. K., books, papers,
properties, moneys and valuables of this Assembly. So
help me God, and keep me steadfast to the end. Amen.
2 The words "except my Religious Confessor" were added by Thomas P.
Crowne, and the words "at the Confessional" by T. V. Powderly, in February,
1878.- Eds.
ten] THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR 29
To the Venerable Sage:
W. A. (or M. IV.) Venerable Sage, how can the
pivaw and xiaz ihawh of the cponxel im owih pro-
vide for necessities and meet emergencies?
V. S. Ever and forever standing MIIE EI MIIE,
etc. (as above) , an unbroken circle of Harmony, Friend-
ship, Secrecy, and Obedience to law and to the officers
of their choice.
W . A. (or M. W.) To the members of the new Assembly:
W. A. (or M. W.) Ye have heard. Are you willing
to obey the laws of cponxexiia, and attend when-
ever and wherever solemnly enjoined and legally sum-
moned?
They all answer distinctly.
W. A. (or M. W.) Then repeat:
I do truly and solemnly promise strictly to obey all
laws, regulations, solemn injunctions, and legal sum-
mons that may be sent, said, or handed to me, and
should I be summoned by the nhwve lwvo im
cponxexiia I will attend and bear my part with-
out fear, favor, or expectation of reward, and should it
be necessary to resist special pleading in any court or
inquest whatsoever, I will remain mute at the hazard of
imprisonment, or loss of goods, or employ, where the
rights of cponxexiia are involved. So help me God,
and keep me steadfast to the end. Amen.
W. A. (or M. TV.) Venerable Sage, How do the
pivaw and xiaz ihawh of the cponxel im awm re-
ceive the law of cponxexiia?
V. S. Ever, for ever, and for evermore standing
MIIE El MIIE, etc. (as above), an unbroken circle of
Harmony, Friendship, Secrecy, Obedience, and Mutual
Assistance.
3o AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
W. A. (or M. TV.) Repeat the Great Law of
CPONXEXIIA.
V. S. I was an hungered, and ye gave me meat; I
was thirsty, and ye gave me drink; naked, and ye clothed
me; I was sick, and ye visited me; I was in prison, and
ye came unto me.
To the members of the new Assembly:
W. A. (or M. W.) Ye have heard. Are you willing
to vow unswerving fidelity to that Great Law?
They all answer.
W. A. (or M. W.) Then repeat:
I do truly and solemnly promise that I will, to the
best of my ability, defend the life, interest, reputation,
and family of all true members of this Order; help and
assist all employed and unemployed, unfortunate or dis-
tressed Brothers to procure employ, and secure just re-
muneration ; relieve their distress, and counsel others to
aid them, so that they and theirs may receive and enjoy
the just fruits of their labor and exercise of their art ; and
even in prison will not desert a cponxe im owih until
cponxexiia passes judgment and gives me permission.
So help me God and keep me steadfast unto the end.
Amen.
Amen by the Choir and Brothers with Organ accompaniment.
W. A. (or M. W.) Ye have faithfully and earnestly
performed your part towards men. Let us mioa aowvp
xvpal over true and sincere xwvhel, and vix ikh xwval
in reverence and adoration and ask God's Blessing.
The Venerable Sage leads in appropriate prayer, at the end of
which the Amen is given in unison, with musical accompaniment.
W. A. (or M. W.) then says:
W. A. (or M. W.) WKHWCV.
V. S. O XVTW MIKPA OE.
ten] THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR 31
W. A. (or M. W.) Then read from the records of
eternity what you have here found.
V. S. In the year of the Independence of the
United States of America (or beginning of whatever
government the Assembly is located under), in the
year of the nineteenth century of the Christian Era (or
whatever era time is reckoned by in the country where
the Assembly is founded), and the — day of the month
and in the quarter of the year of
cponxexiia, in the (town or city of state, government,
or dominion), was found in working order the (craft
and name) Assembly, No. — of the pivaw and xiaz
IHAWH of the CPONXEL IM CIWIH.
W. A. (or M. W.) Esto Perpetual
V. S. May it be perpetual !
Choir and Brothers.
"Alleluia, Alleluia, Alleluia, praise ye the Lord." The W. A.
(or M. W.) gives one tap and seats the Assembly.
The officers of the Assembly should now be installed in accordance
with the Installation Ceremony.
[The Installation Ceremony follows.]
3. THE GREAT SEAL OF KNIGHTHOOD
The initials stood for Secrecy, Obedience and Mutual Assistance, the num-
ber in the center being that of the Local Assembly. When a special meeting of
a Local Assembly was called it was done by imprinting the seal, in chalk, on
sidewalk or wall with initials above given left off. The number of the Local
Assembly would appear in the center and in place of the initials M.A., the
hour of the meeting.
/
4. THE SPREAD OF SECRET ORDERS
Allan Pinkerton [Strikers, Communists, Tramps and Detectives, 88-89]
writing in 1878, said:
1 organization called the Knights of Labor has recently attracted some
attention in the coal regions of Pennsylvania. It is probably an amalgamation
of the Molly Maguirea and the Commune. In the vicinity of Scranton and
Wilkesbarre, two-thirds of the workingmen belong to it. . . It is certainly
true that the agitation in labor circles during the past few years, under
leadership of agents of the Commune, has caused the outgrowth of numerous
organizations, which, while working independently, have the same ultimate
object in view, and propose to accomplish the same object, namely ; the de-
struction of all government by the ballot, and if that shall fail, by force, when
the proper opportunity arrives. Among these are the Ancient Order of United
Workmen, The Junior Sons of '76, and the Universal Brotherhood. There are
scores more, but these are samples of them all."
Pinkerton reprints [pages 90-95] the ritual of the Universal Brotherhood.
John M. Davis, the editor of the National Labor Tribune, of Pittsburgh, from
whose paper the following notices are taken, was the leading Western organizer
of the Knights of Labor. Beginning in 1877, the Tribune added the five stars
to the list of organizations for which it was the official organ. The rapid
growth of this order after 1875 led to the first national delegate meeting, at
Reading, Pennsylvania, January 1-4, 1878. At this meeting the General As-
sembly was founded and a constitution was framed. The delegates decided
against publicity; but at the second regular session, in 1879, assemblies were
permitted to make the name public after April x, 1879.
National Labor Tribune, March 13, 1875, p. 1, col. 5.
The organization of the various trades into a secret
labor organization has been conducted in the east to very
satisfactory results. In Philadelphia all trades are
united. They are able to turn out twenty thousand at
twenty-four hours' notice without public notice. The
principles of the organization are such as to allow all
who toil in it, without reference to craft. It is the latest
and most successful effort of labor to combine for its
own defense. The obligation of secrecy gives it per-
manency and safety. The well known Archbishop
Wood, of Philadelphia, gives it his sanction.
Nothing is required but that a man earns his living
by labor, and desires to unite with his fellow men for
34 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
their common good. The organization has spread
through several eastern cities, and sweeps in all who
have any desire to see labor bettered.
We understand it is coming to Pittsburgh. If so, we
heartily welcome it. In it, men of all crafts, and all
shades of opinion and belief can meet, and stand on one
common platform for one common purpose. In it all
men come back to the first pure and simple principles
and ideas of republican government as it was handed us
by Hamilton, Washington and Adams, and all the co-
lonial patriots. Our unions are grand and powerful
agencies for the protection of our labor, but that is all.
This union of unions, is designed to reach farther, and
higher, and deeper, and take hold of and grapple with
questions, and interests, and difficulties which our trades'
unions cannot by its nature handle. We must make so-
cial machinery to suit the times. This proposed organ-
ization is not a talking union, but a working one. It is
for action, and nothing else. It means business.
National Labor Tribune, April 24, 1875, p. 2, col. 2.
When men cannot assert their rights and resist a wrong
perpetrated by an employer, for fear of discharge, it is
time to devise some plan for the better protection of our
labor.
When men are persecuted for unionism, when they
are robbed of the true value of their labor, when they
feel it unsafe to speak in their interest, it is time to look
farther and deeper for some means of defense.
When monopolies become stronger than the law, when
legislatures become the servants of monopolies, when
corporations can successfully bid defiance to public
good and trample on individual rights it is time for the
people to come together to erect defenses for personal
rights and public safety.
When the commercial interests combine to exact the
ten] THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR 35
greatest share of profits of labor and give labor the
least, even to the verge of starvation, when all attempts
of labor to openly oppose and defeat the efforts of these
combinations are made the pretext for still further op-
pression and persecution, it is time for the people to
unite together for their individual and common safe-
ty. . . These considerations have prompted men in
all trades to have recourse to secret organization, not for
wrong doing, but to bring about a better state of affairs.
We have noticed from time to time the growth of one
of the most powerful of these orders. It is especially
deserving of notice and confidence as being exclusively
composed of workingmen. Its numbers and the harmony
and unity produced entitle it to our attention. It is rap-
idly extending and will, ere long, number its hundreds
of thousands, all guided by one common impulse, and
for one common end. It numbers in its ranks our best
men. In it all are equal. In it all are heard, respected
and benefited. We learn that it is rapidly becoming a
national organization. Cost of membership is little, to
let in all good men. If ever an order turned bad men
into good ones this one does. If there is a spark of man-
hood in a man this order will kindle it into a flame of
genial warmth for all who toil. We are glad to see the
spread of this order. Its objects are noble and holy. It
makes every man in it purer and better. It widens his
comprehension, lifts his conceptions, widens his under-
standing, deepens his affections and ennobles his whole
nature. The order is moving westward. It has a solid
footing in Pittsburgh, at which place officers are re-
ceiving applications for its extension further west. All
enquiries receive proper attention, but from the nature
of the order the replies cannot be as full as some would
like. To such we say enter the holy of holies and know
all.
VI
FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS
I. ILLINOIS FARMERS, 1858
Periam, J. The Grounds%oell (Chicago, 1874), 104-206. In aelecting
and editing the documents of this chapter, we have been assisted by
Dr. John Lee Coulter a of the Bureau of the Census, Washington,
D.C., and Dr. Solon Buck * of the University of Illinois. The follow-
ing platform waa adopted at Centralis, Illinois, on September 15, 1858.
We believe that the time has come when the produc-
ing classes should assert, not only their independence,
but their supremacy; that non-producers can not be re-
lied upon as guarantees of fairness; and that laws en-
acted and administered by lawyers are not a true stand-
ard of popular sentiment.
We believe that a general application to commerce of
the principle that the majority should rule, would in-
crease the income and diminish the outlay of producers,
and, at the same time, elevate the standard of mercantile
morality.
We believe that the producer of a commodity and the
purchaser of it should, together, have more voice in
fixing its price than he who simply carries it from one
to the other.
We believe that the true method of guarding against
commercial revulsions is to bring the producer and con-
sumer as near together as possible, thus diminishing the
alarming number and the more alarming power of non-
producers.
We believe that in union there is strength, and that in
* See: Coulter, J. L. "Organization among the Farmers of the United States,"
Yale Review, November, 1909.
♦See: Buck, Solon J. "Agricultural Organization in Illinois, 1870-1880,"
Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, April, 191a
4o AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
union alone can the necessarily isolated condition of
farmers be so strengthened as to enable them to cope, on
equal terms, with men whose callings are, in their very
nature, a permanent and self-created combination of in-
terests.
We believe that system of commerce to be the best
which transacts the most business, with the least tax on
production, and which, instead of being a master, is
merely a servant.
We believe that good prices are as necessary to the
prosperity of farmers as good crops, and, in order to
create such a power as to insure as much uniformity in
prices as in products, farmers must keep out of debt;
and that, in order to keep out of debt, they must pay for
what they buy and exact the same from others.
Declaration of Principles. These truths we hold
to be self-evident, that, as production both precedes' bar-
ter and employs more labor and capital, it is more
worthy the care and attention of governmente and of in-
dividuals; that in the honorable transaction of a legiti-
mate business there is no necessity for secret cost-marks ;
that, in all well-regulated communities, there should be
the smallest possible number of non-producers that is
necessary to the welfare of the human race; that labor
and capital employed in agriculture should receive as
much reward as labor and capital employed in any
other pursuit; that, as the exchanger is merely an agent
between the producer and consumer, he should not have
a chief voice in the establishment of prices; that the in-
terests of agriculture and of commerce can only be con-
sidered as identical when each has an equal share in
regulating barter; and that the principal road to honor
and distinction, in this country, should lead through
productive industry.
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 41
Plan of Operations. First. The formation of
Farmers' Clubs wherever practical, the object of which
shall be to produce concert of action on all matters con-
nected with their interests.
Second. The establishment, as far as possible, of the
ready pay system in all pecuniary transactions.
Third. The formation of wholesale purchasing and
selling agencies in the great centers of commerce, so that
producers may, in a great measure, have it in their
power to save the profits of retailers.
Fourth. The organization of such a power as to in-
sure the creation of a national agricultural bureau, the
main object of which shall be an annual or semi-annual
census of all our national products, and the collection
and dissemination of valuable seeds, plants, and facts.
Fifth. The election of producers to all places of pub-
lic trust and honor the general rule, and the election of
non-producers the exception.
2. ILLINOIS FARMERS, 1869-1873
(a) THE FIRST BLOOMINGTON CONVENTION, 1869
(1) The Call.
Periam, J. The Groundpwell, 225-227. This call was sent out in March,
1869, by H. C. Wheeler, a farmer, of Du Page County, Illinois, who
was afterwards a member of the legislature. The meeting was held
at Bloomington, Illinois, April 20, 1869.
To the Farmers of the Northwest: Will you
permit a working farmer, whose entire interest is iden-
tified with yours, to address to you a word of warning?
A crisis in our affairs is approaching, and dangers
threaten.
You are aware that the price of many of our leading
staples is so low that they can not be transported to the
markets of Europe, or even to our own seaboard, and
leave a margin for profits, by reason of the excessive
rates of transportation.
During the war but little attention was given to the
great increase in the price of freights, as the price of
produce was proportionately high; but we look in vain
for any abatement, now that we are obliged to accept less
than half the former prices for much that we raise.
We look in vain for any diminution in the carrying
rates, to correspond with the rapidly-declining prices
of the means of living, and of materials for constructing
boats, cars, engines, and track; but, on the other hand,
we see a total ignoring of that rule of reciprocity be-
tween the carrying and producing interests which pre-
vails in every other department of trade and commerce.
Does it not behoove us, then, to inquire earnestly how
long we can stand this descending scale on the one
FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 43
hand, and the ascending on the other, and which party
must inevitably and speedily go to the wall?
I by no means counsel hostility to the carrying inter-
est-it is one of the producer's best friends; but, like the
fire that cooks our food and warms our dwelling, it may
also become the hardest of masters. The fire fiend
laughs as he escapes from our control, and in an hour
licks up and sweeps away the accumulations of years of
toil.
As we cherish the fire fiend, so we welcome the clangor
of the carrier fiend as he approaches our dwellings,
opening up communication with the busy marts of trade.
But it needs no great stretch of imagination to hear
also the each! each! cachinations of the carrier fiend as
he speeds beyond our reach, and leaving no alternative
but compliance with his exorbitant demands.
Many of us are not aware of the gigantic proportions
the carrying interest is assuming. Less than forty years
since the first railroad fire was kindled on this continent,
but which now, like a mighty conflagration, is crackling
and roaring over every prairie and through every moun-
tain gorge. The first year produced fifteen miles; the
last, five thousand.
On the same mammoth scale goes on the work of or-
ganization and direction. By the use of almost unlimit-
ed means, it enlists in its service the finest talents of the
land as officers, attorneys, agents, and lobbyists; gives
free passes and splendid entertainments to the repre-
sentatives of the people; and even transports whole
legislatures into exceeding high mountains, showing
them the kingdoms of the world, with lavish promises of
reward for fealty and support: witness its land grants
and franchises secured from the powers that be, such as
no similar interest ever acquired even in the Old World.
44 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
In Europe every corporation returns its franchises to
the Crown within a specified time, while here their titles
are more secure than the farmers' warranty deeds.
Do you say that you are out of debt, and can stop pro-
ducing when it does not pay? I tell you, my friends,
that the carrying interest, with its present momentum
unchecked, will soon acquire the power to tax your un-
incumbered possessions into leaseholds, and you and me
into tenants at will.
I fancy I hear the response: "These things are so,
but what can we do?" Rather, my friends, what can we
not do? What power can withstand the combined and
concentrated force of the producing interest of this Re-
public? But what avails our strength if, like Poly-
phemus in the fable, we are unable to use it for want of
eyesight; or, like a mighty army without discipline,
every man fighting on his own hook; or, worse, reposing
in fancied security while Delilahs of the enemy have well
nigh shorn away the last lock of strength? In this re-
spect we constitute a solitary exception, every other in-
terest having long since protected itself by union and
organization.
As a measure calculated to bring all interested, as it
were, within speaking distance, and as a stepping stone
to an efficient organization, I propose that the farmers
of the great north-west concentrate their efforts, power,
and means, as the great transportation companies have
done theirs, and accomplish something, instead of frit-
tering away their efforts in doing nothing.
And, to this end, I suggest a convention of those op-
posed to the present tendency to monopoly and extor-
tionate charges by our transportation companies, to meet
at Bloomington, Illinois, on the twentieth day of April
next, for the purpose of discussion, and the appointment
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 45
of a committee to raise funds to be expended in the em-
ployment of the highest order of legal talent, to put in
form of report and argument an exposition of the rights,
wrongs, interests, and injuries (with their remedies) of
the producing masses of the northwest, and lay it before
the authorities of each state and of the general govern-
ment. Congress is now in session, and the constitutional
convention of this state will then again be convened.
Farmers, now is the time for action 1
(2) The Resolutions.
Peri am, J. The Groundswell, 229-230.
This Convention declares, First: That the present
rates of taxation and transportation are unreasonable
and oppressive, and ought to be reduced.
Second: That our legal rights to transportation and
market ought to be clearly set forth and defined.
Third: That if there be any legal remedy under ex-
isting laws for the wrongs we suffer, such remedy ought
to be ascertained and enforced.
Fourth: That, if there be no such remedy, measures
should be taken to secure one by appropriate legislation.
Fifth: That statistics should be collected and pub-
lished to show the relation of north-western products to
those of the rest of the country.
Sixth : That nothing can be accomplished for the en-
forcement of our rights, and the redress of our wrongs,
without an efficient organization on the well-known
principles that give the great corporations such tre-
mendous power.
Seventh : That, with honest pay for honest labor, and
compensation commensurate with great service, we can
secure the assistance and support of the highest order of
learning, ability, and skill.
Eighth : That this Convention should appoint a com-
46 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
missioner of agricultural and carrying statistics, to pre-
pare and publish, with the aid of eminent counsel,
a report of the products of the north-west, the rights to
market and transportation, and the remedies available
for existing wrongs, the expenses thereof to be defrayed
by subscription price for such report.
(b) ILLINOIS STATE FARMERS' ASSOCIATION, 1873
(1) Preliminary Convention, Kewanee — Resolutions.
Peri am, J. The Groundsiuell, 23 6, 237. The dates of the convention
were October 16 and 17, 1872. This association was launched as a
permanent organization January 15, 1873, at the second Bloomington
convention. Article 11 of the constitution shows the purpose of the
association to be "the promotion of the moral, intellectual, social, and
pecuniary welfare of the farmers of Illinois."
RESOLVED, that the agricultural interests of this coun-
try are the primary source of its growth, wealth, and
prosperity; and that the protection and development of
these are essential to the prosperity of every related in-
dustry, and also of every other vocation or business.
RESOLVED, that the immediate objects and purposes of
the convention should be to devise some means, or sys-
tem of means, to cheapen the process of production, and
lessen the expense of transportation.
Resolved, that the success of co-operative effort, as
illustrated in the accumulation of capital for the carry-
ing forward of immense business enterprises; in the
combination of workingmen for the increase of wages,
or the restriction of the hours of labor; in the formation
of rings for controlling the price of agricultural or man-
ufactured products, and for "bulling" or "bearing" the
markets of every kind; and in the thorough and efficient
organization of political parties for partisan ends, should
teach the farmer the lesson, both of its efficiency and its
adaptation to the particular needs, if applied with in-
telligence and wisdom.
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 47
Resolved, that it is the duty of Farmers' Clubs, and
similar organizations, to put forth their best efforts for
extending and multiplying these organizations, until
they shall compass the industrial interest of the entire
west.
Resolved, that this convention regards with favor the
growth and prosperity of the organization called Pa-
trons of Husbandry, and accept the evidences of its bene-
fits and efficiency with hopeful expectations of its future
usefulness.
RESOLVED, that the destruction of Canada thistles and
noxious weeds is a matter of vital importance to the agri-
cultural interests of the west; and this convention would
commend the action of the legislature of Illinois in its
efforts to accomplish this object.
Resolved, that the strength or weakness of the Rail-
road Law, so-called, should be determined by its thor-
ough trial and enforcement; and this convention would
demand additional legislation on the subject, if required.
RESOLVED, that this convention appoint a State Cen-
tral Committee of one, and a committee of one from
each county, whose duties shall be to act as a medium of
communication between the various farmers' organiza-
tions.
RESOLVED, that the convention return a vote of thanks
to the citizens of Kewanee and the Wethersfield Farm-
ers' Club, for the very generous hospitality extended to
the members of this convention ; and that especial thanks
are due the aforesaid Club for inaugurating and carry-
ing to so successful an issue this convention.
(2) Call for the Second Bloomington Convention.
Periam, J. The Grounds-well, 243, 244.
Farmers' Convention. "Equal and exact justice to
all; special privileges to none." The undersigned, the
48 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
Executive Committee appointed by the convention of
delegates from Farmers' Clubs, held at Kewanee, Oct.
1 6th and 17th, 1872, in pursuance of the duties assigned
them, do hereby invite each Farmers' Club, Grange, or
other agricultural, horticultural, or industrial associa-
tion of the State of Illinois, to send delegates for every
thirty-three members, and fraction in excess of that num-
ber (provided, that every organization shall be entitled
to at least one delegate), to an Illinois Farmers' State
Convention, to be held in the City of Bloomington,
Wednesday and Thursday, Jan. 15 and 16, 1873, com-
mencing at 9 a.m. on Wednesday, with three sessions
each day-at 9 a.m., 2 p.m., and 7 p.m.
The purpose of said convention is to perfect the or-
ganization made at Kewanee, by the formation of a
State Farmers' Association for said delegates, adoption
of a constitution, and for securing the organization and
representation of associations in every county, and, if
possible, in every township, of the state; to discuss and
insist upon reform in railway transportation, the sale of
agricultural implements, the sale of farm products by
commission merchants, and such other abuses as have
grown up in our midst, and are now taxing and im-
poverishing producers and consumers; and to transact
such other business as may be brought before the Con-
vention.
[L. F. ROSS, JOHN Prickett, Wm. Beem, Commit-
tee (page 237).]
(j) Resolutions, Second Bloomington Convention, 1873.
Periam, J. The Groundsivell, 258-262.
[By Committee on Resolutions] WHEREAS, the con-
stitution of Illinois requires the legislature to pass laws
to correct abuses and prevent unjust discrimination and
extortion by railroads; and, whereas, the legislature has
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 49
complied with this provision of the constitution; and,
whereas, the railroads in the State of Illinois stand in
open defiance of the laws, by charging rates greatly in
excess of what the laws allow, and by unjust discrimina-
tions and extortions; and, whereas, these exactions and
extortions bear most heavily upon the producing class-
es; therefore, be it
RESOLVED, that this convention of farmers and pro-
ducers insist upon the enforcement of these laws.
Resolved, that in obedience to the universal law that
the creature is not above the creator, we declare our un-
alterable convfction that all corporations are subject to
regulation by law.
Resolved, that we call upon every department of the
state government- the executive, legislative, and judi-
cial-in their joint and several capacities, to execute the
constitution and laws now in force; and if amendments
or new laws are needed to enforce obedience, we call
for their speedy enactment.
Resolved, that cheap transportation is of vital inter-
est to the west, and that every combination to increase
the price above what is just and legitimate is a conspiracy
against the rights of the people, and a robbery which we
loudly protest against.
Resolved, that in the efforts of our officers to execute
the laws in question, no narrow policy should be pur-
sued by the legislature, but that the magnitude of the
matter at stake demands that ample appropriations be
made, to enable those in charge of the object to act with
vigor and effect.
RESOLVED, that the power of this, and all local organ-
izations, should be wielded at the ballot-box by the elec-
tion to all offices, from highest to lowest -legislative, ex-
ecutive, and judicial -of such, and only such, persons as
5o AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
sympathize with us in this movement, and believe, as
we do, that there is a rightful remedy for this wrong,
and that it can and must be enforced ; and to this end we
pledge our votes at all elections where they will have a
bearing against the wrong in question.
Resolved, that the late decision in the McLean Coun-
ty Circuit Court, sustaining the constitutionality of our
railroad law, is sound, and we hail it with satisfaction.
RESOLVED, that persons traveling upon the railroads
of the state, having tendered to the conductor the legal
fare, are in line of their duty, and as they have complied
with all their legal obligations, are entitled to the pro-
tection of the civil power of the state ; and any conductor
or other officers or employee of the road attempting to
disturb any such person, or eject him from the cars, are
violators of the peace and dignity of the state, and should
be punished by exemplary penalties. . .
[Mr. Carter, from the Committee on Resolutions,
submitted a report, as follows:]
RESOLVED, that we recommend to our legislature the
enactment of a law making it a misdemeanor for any
county or state officer to accept a free pass from any rail-
road, while holding office.
Resolved, that we view with favor the opening of
feasible water communications, and all propositions to
so improve and enlarge the great water line of the lakes
and the St. Lawrence as to practically bring tide water
to Chicago; and, for this purpose, completing the Illi-
nois river improvement, and the extension of the canal
to Rock Island, so as to connect the vast interior river
system with the ocean commerce at our great commercial
city, meet our approbation.
RESOLVED, that it is the sense of this convention that,
in the appointment of railroad and warehouse commis-
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 51
sioners, at least one of the members of that commission
should be a man whose business interests, sympathies,
and knowledge of the experiences and wants of the
farmer class, should fairly constitute him a representa-
tive man of that class, and who shall be so recommended
by them.
Resolved, that in order to accomplish the ends ar-
rived at by this convention, we earnestly recommend
the organization of the farmers throughout the state
into clubs, and granges of Patrons of Husbandry.
[The following resolution was offered and adopted:]
Resolved, that this convention appoint Capt. J. H.
Rowell and R. W. Benjamin to proceed to our legis-
lature, and procure an act condemning all railroads that
are running in violation of the law, and we further
recommend that a commission be appointed to take
charge of such road or roads, and run them in compli-
ance with the law.
RESOLVED, that this convention hails with joy and
pleasure the late action taken in Congress by representa-
tives Shellabarger, of Ohio, and Hawley, of Illinois, as
the harbinger of better things to come.
[The following miscellaneous resolutions were of-
fered, and referred to the committee on resolutions:]
RESOLVED, that the secretary of this convention be in-
structed to forward to Hons. Shellabarger, of Ohio, and
Hawley, of Illinois, and to the President of the Senate
and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, copies
of the resolutions of this convention, with request that
they be laid before the respective houses.
Resolved, that the names of the persons composing
the meeting at Kewanee, on the 15th and 16th of Octo-
ber, 1872, be inscribed on a suitable tablet, for permanent
preservation by this society.
5*
AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
RESOLVED, that in view of the power of the press, this
convention urge upon the Farmers' Clubs over this state,
the great importance of reporting their proceedings to
their local papers, and, so far as practicable, to the pa-
pers having a state circulation.
RESOLVED, that the legislature of this state be requested
to instruct our senators, and request our representatives
in Congress, in view of the depressed condition of the
agricultural interests of this state and all others depend-
ent thereon, except that of railway transactions, to in-
sist upon the utmost economy in appropriations and
frugality in expenditure of national moneys consonant
with the necessities of the country.
RESOLVED, that we are in favor of removing the duties
on iron, lumber, and salt.
Resolved, that farmers buy no implements of those
manufacturers or their agents who have entered into
any conspiracy agreeing not to sell their implements to
farmer's associations.
RESOLVED, that this convention respectfully call the
attention of the General Assembly to the bill introduced
by Senator Vaughn, of Knox County, in 1871, affixing
reasonable maximum rates of freights on railroads, and
that we urge the immediate passage of that or some sim-
ilar bill. . .
(4) Springfield Convention, April 2, 1873.
Periam, J. The Groundswell, 286-289.
. . . The committee appointed to draft resolu-
tions submitted the following:
[ 1 ] RESOLVED, by the farmers of Illinois in mass meet-
ing assembled, that all chartered monopolies, not reg-
ulated and controlled by law, have proved in that re-
spect detrimental to the public prosperity, corrupting
in their management, and dangerous to republican in-
stitutions.
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FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 55
[2] RESOLVED, that the railways of the world, except
in those countries where they have been held under the
strict regulation and supervision of the government,
have proved themselves arbitrary, extortionate, and as
opposed to free institutions and free commerce between
states as were the feudal barons of the middle ages.
[3] Resolved, that we hold, declare, and resolve that
this despotism, which defies our laws, plunders our ship-
pers, impoverishes our people, and corrupts our govern-
ment, shall be subdued and made to subserve the public
interest at whatever cost.
[4] Resolved, that we believe the state did not and
could not confer any of its sovereign power upon any
corporation, and that now is the most favorable time to
settle the question, so that it may never be hereafter mis-
understood that a state can not create a corporation it
can not thereafter control.
[5] RESOLVED, that in view of the present extortions,
we look with alarm upon the future of an interest which
can combine in the hands of a few men a capital of nearly
$250,000,000, and we believe it essential to the prosper-
ity of all classes that this contest continue until these
corporations acknowledge the supremacy of law.
[6] RESOLVED, that we regard it as the undoubted
power, and the imperative duty of the legislature, to pass
laws fixing reasonable maximum rates for freight and
passengers, without classification of roads, and that we
urge upon our General Assembly the passage of such
laws.
[7] RESOLVED, that the existing statute, providing for
a classification of railroads with a view to adjusting a
tariff of charges according to the gross amount of earn-
ings, is a delusion and a snare, and is so framed that the
railroads are able to classify themselves, and that it
ought to be carefully modified or repealed.
56 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
[8] RESOLVED, that inasmuch as the Supreme Court
has clearly pointed out the way to reach unjust discrim-
inations made by the railroads of this state, we can see
no reason for delay on the part of the legislature in en-
acting the necessary laws on the subject, and we urge
immediate action thereon.
[9] Resolved, that we urge the passage of a bill en-
forcing the principle that railroads are public highways,
and requiring railroads to make connections with all
roads whose tracks meet or cross their own, and to re-
ceive and transmit cars and trains offered over their
roads at reasonable maximum rates, whether offered at
such crossings, or at stations along their roads, and em-
powering the making of connections by municipal cor-
porations for that purpose, and for the public use.
[10] Resolved, that we heartily indorse the action
of the General Assembly looking to the enforcement of
the performance of their duties by monopolies as com-
mon carriers; and that, in addition thereto, we believe
that railroads should be required to carry all freight
and passengers offered from the country through which
they pass, and not permitted to limit the amount of their
business and destroy its natural increase.
[11] RESOLVED, that the constitution and laws of Illi-
nois are as binding upon railroad corporations as upon
the citizens, and that the state must require obedience to
the law from all alike, whether the same be deemed
constitutional or not by the parties affected, until re-
pealed or declared unconstitutional.
[12] RESOLVED, that we indorse most fully the action
of those who tender legal rates of fare upon the railroads,
and refuse to pay more; and that it is the duty of the
legislature to provide by law for the defense by the State
of Illinois of suits commenced, or that hereafter may be
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 57
commenced, by railroad companies against individuals
who have in good faith insisted, or hereafter may insist,
upon the right to ride on railroads at legal rates.
[13] RESOLVED, that the presentation of railroad
passes to our legislators, whatever may be the spirit and
intent with which they are accepted, are demoralizing
in their influence ; and we look to our legislature, now in
session, to rise above personal considerations of pecuni-
ary interest or convenience, and to pass a law making it
a misdemeanor for any Senator, or other state or county
officers, to accept any railroad pass, knowing, as we do,
that the people look upon the acceptance of these passes
with decided and almost universal disapprobation. . .
WHEREAS, the constitution of 1848, Article X, pro-
hibits the legislature from granting special railroad
charters in the following words: "And corporations not
possessing banking powers or privileges, may be formed
under general law, but shall not be created by special
acts, except for municipal purposes; and in cases where,
in the judgment of the General Assembly, the objects
of the corporation can not be attained under general
laws," therefore,
[14] RESOLVED, that it is extremely doubtful whether
any railroad charter granted since April 1, 1848, by the
legislature of Illinois is of any validity, and that the
vested rights of railroad monopolies in this state exist
only by assumption of the monopolies and the sufferance
of the people. . .
WHEREAS, the constitution of 1870, Article XI, Sec-
tion 13, prohibits any railroad company from issuing
watered stock, in these words: "No railroad corpora-
tion shall issue any stock or bonds except for money,
labor, or property actually received and applied to the
purposes for which such corporation was created; and
58 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
all stock, dividends, and other fictitious increase of the
capital, stock, or indebtedness of any such corporation
shall be void. The capital stock of no railroad corpora-
tion shall be increased for any purpose, except upon giv-
ing sixty days' public notice in such manner as may be
provided by law;" and, whereas, this article of the con-
stitution has probably been violated by nearly all the
railroad companies in the state; therefore,
[15] RESOLVED, that it is the duty of the railroad com-
missioners to look carefully into this matter, and to com-
mence proceedings in all clear cases by quo warranto, or
otherwise, against all railroad companies which have
disregarded this important provision of the organic law
of the state.
[16] RESOLVED, that we regard the improvement of
the Illinois River as not sectional, but of great im-
portance ; and we request the members of the House of
Representatives to vote for the bill now pending for the
improvement of that river, as it will give our state ab-
solutely into the hands of the people.
[17] Resolved, that we demand of Congress a repeal
of all laws preventing the competition of small vessels,
which may choose to engage in the carrying trade on our
inland lakes between ports in the United States, without
regard to nationality.
[ 1 8] RESOLVED, that we are in favor of the immediate
repeal of the protective duties on iron, steel, lumber, and
all materials which enter into the construction of rail-
road cars, steamships, sailing vessels, agricultural im-
plements, etc., and that we urge upon Congress immedi-
ate action for this purpose, that cheap railroads and
cheap ships are necessary to cheap freights; and that we
invite the railroad companies to co-operate with us to
that end.
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 59
[The first twelve resolutions were passed unanimous-
ly, as also were numbers fourteen, fifteen, and seven-
teen. Number thirteen was passed only after a heated
debate. A clause was added which provided that offi-
cers should receive no pay except during the time actual-
ly employed. Number sixteen was laid on the tabic
amid much excitement. Number eighteen was objected
to as being a side issue, but was declared carried by the
chair. Other resolutions adopted were: requesting
the legislature to pass a railroad law before it adjourned ;
stating that the practice of legislators voting on ques-
tions in which they were directly interested, was contrary
to public morals ; stating that one of the necessary meas-
ures of railroad reform was (a) that the laws which
made the stocks of railroad corporations personal prop-
erty, be repealed, and (b) that the law should be so
amended as to withdraw such stock from speculation
and to give to it the permanency and certainty of owner-
ship of the railroads themselves; and demanding that
railroads be no longer assessed taxes at less than one-
tenth of their value ; recommending that farmers keep a
farm expense account, so that the actual cost of produc-
tion may be ascertained and made public]
(5) Princeton Convention, June, 1873 - Resolutions.
Periam, J. The Groundswell, 313, 314.
Resolved, that the provisions of the constitution of
1870, of the State of Illinois, in regard to railroads, are,
equally with the other provisions of the constitution, the
supreme law of the state, and our legislature should pro-
vide the necessary legislation to execute such provisions,
and our courts should sustain and adopt the same.
RESOLVED, that the charters of the railroads in this
state are not contracts in the sense that they are para-
mount to the constitution and laws of this state, and that
60 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
the provisions of the constitution of the state in regard to
railroads, and necessary legislation to enforce the same,
are not repugnant to the constitution of the United States.
RESOLVED, that the railroads in this state are public
highways, and their operators common carriers, and the
General Assembly, as required by the constitution of
this state, should pass laws establishing reasonable max-
imum rates of charge for the transportation of passen-
gers and freight on the different railroads in this state,
and should also pass laws to correct abuses and to define
and prevent extortion in the rate of freight and pas-
senger tariffs on such roads ; and such legislation should
be sustained and enforced by the judiciary of the state.
RESOLVED, that we will support no man for office who
is not in accordance with the sentiments of these resolu-
tions; and that we recommend to the anti-monopolists
of this state to nominate such candidates for Supreme
and Circuit Judges as are pledged to sustain the consti-
tution, and laws of this state in accordance therewith.
3. THE KANSAS FARMERS' CO-OPERATIVE
ASSOCIATION, 1873
Periam, J. Tht Grounds%uell, 274-279. The farmers of Kansas were
actively engaged in agitation and demands for improvement during
this period. On March 26, 1873, a large convention was held at
Topeka, at which the Farmers' Cooperative Association of the State
of Kansas was organized. The following preamble was adopted,
which, with Article u of the Constitution, will show the purpose of
the convention.
PREAMBLE. As a means of obtaining a more perfect
uniformity of action among the farmers of the state, in
order that we may secure a more equal division of the
profits arising from the different vocations of life, of
diminishing the unreasonable transportation tariff now
charged by railroad companies, and of breaking down
monopolies of every character, we, whose names are
hereto subscribed, do pledge ourselves to sustain the fol-
lowing constitution and by-laws: . . .
Article ii. The objects of this association shall be
the collection of statistics relative to the products of the
state, their amount, cost, and value; to assist the farmers
in securing just compensation for their labor; to co-oper-
ate with similar organizations in other states in procur-
ing cheap transportation and remunerative prices for
surplus products, and act generally in the interest of the
producing class.
[The following three resolutions also show the atti-
tude of the delegates:]
Resolved, that the act relating to the collection of
statistics and industries, approved March 6, 1873, and
an act relating to District and County Agricultural So-
cieties and Farmers' Clubs, approved March 6, 1873,
62 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
meet with the approval of this convention, so far as they
go in the accomplishment of the objects sought by this
convention.
RESOLVED, that the Farmers' Co-operative Association
of the State of Kansas co-operate with the State Board
of Agriculture, and the State organization of the Pa-
trons of Husbandry. . .
RESOLVED, that it is the sense of this convention that
the farmers of Kansas, while they are ready to denounce
in unmeasured terms every monopoly that strikes at their
interests in the shape of robbery and oppression, are
equally ready to admit any and all wrongs and errors of
their own that have brought them into the dilemma
which all complain of to-day.
[Various resolutions were submitted and referred to
a committee, which, subsequently, reported the follow-
ing:]
RESOLVED, that organization is the great want of the
producing classes at the present time, and we recommend
every farmer in the state to become a member of some
Farmers' Club, Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, or
other local organization.
Resolved, that the taxes assessed and charged upon
the people, both by national, state, and local govern-
ments, are oppressive and unjust, and vast sums of money
are collected far beyond the needs of an economical ad-
ministration of government.
RESOLVED, that we respectfully request our senators
and representatives in Congress to vote for, and secure,
an amendment to the tariff laws of the United States, so
that salt and lumber shall be placed on the free list, and
that there shall be made a material reduction of the
duty on iron, and that such articles as do not pay the cost
of collection be also placed on the free list.
ten] FARMERS* ORGANIZATIONS 63
RESOLVED, that we demand that the legislature of our
state shall pass a law limiting railroad freight and fares
to a just and fair sum, and that unjust discriminations
against local freights be prohibited.
RESOLVED, that the act passed by the last legislature,
exempting bonds, notes, mortgages, and judgments from
taxation, is unjust, oppressive, and a palpable violation
of our state constitution, and we call upon all assessors
and the county boards to see that said securities are taxed
at their fair value. . .
[By Mr. Lines, as substitute for resolution on railroad
freights:]
That we earnestly request the legislature of our state,
at its next session, to enact a law regulating freights and
fares upon our railroads upon a basis of justice ; and that
we further request our members in Congress to urge the
favorable action of that body, where the same power
exists beyond all doubt, to the same end, and, if need be,
to construct national highways at the expense of the
government. [Adopted.]
4. THE SECOND NATIONAL AGRICULTUR-
AL CONGRESS, 1873
Periam, J. The Groundsviell, 335-337. Meanwhile other farmers' organ-
izations in other states were taking action similar to that in Illinois
and Kansas. The following resolutions adopted by the Second Na-
tional Agricultural Congress held at Indianapolis, May 28, 1873, will
show their attitude.
[By Committee on the Railway System] Whereas,
we recognize the railways of the country as an effectual
means of developing its agricultural resources, and as
having an interest, common and inseparable, with the
country through which they pass ; and, whereas, we have
in times past fostered and aided them by liberal charters
and concessions, made by public and private parties,
and still desire to encourage further development of the
railway system; therefore,
Resolved, that a fair degree of reciprocity would
suggest that corporations having a common interest and
public aid, should, in their turn, endeavor to subserve
the interest of the country through which they pass, by
charging fair rates of freights, and by the equitable and
just treatment of all localities along their lines.
RESOLVED, that, on the contrary, railroad corporations
in many instances have been exorbitant in their charges,
have discriminated unjustly between localities, and have
failed to respond to the generous grants of powers and
moneys that have been given them by our national and
state governments.
Resolved, that the system adopted and now practiced
in the building of railroads, viz: the soliciting of stock
subscriptions from individuals, corporations, and coun-
ties, and after receiving these subsidies to depress the
FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 65
value of said stock by forcing it upon the market and
depreciating its value to such an extent as to enable a few
speculators to secure control of the road, thereby depriv-
ing those who aid in its construction of all voice in its
management; increasing the cost four or five times above
the amount it would have cost if those managing it in the
outset had had the foresight to have the funds on hand
at the start to build and equip said road; then requiring
the producer and shipper to pay dividends upon the
fictitious cost by charging excessive freight and passen-
ger tariffs — operates most injuriously to the best inter-
ests of the farming class, and calls loudly for reform
and restraint by adequate legislation.
Resolved, that we recommend all farmers to with-
hold their voices and their aid from railway corpora-
tions, unless it be fully conceded and agreed that cor-
porations so aided are subject to regulation by the power
incorporating them, and will not, after receiving the
advantages conferred by the public authority, claim the
immunities of a private corporation.
RESOLVED, that we indorse and will support the doc-
trine promulgated by some of our courts, that a railway
corporation in receiving and exercising the state's right
of eminent domain, and receiving aid raised by taxation
from public authorities has thereby accepted and ad-
mitted itself to be a corporation with a public function,
and subject to the power from which it has received
its charter, in the limitation of its rates.
RESOLVED, that a railway being practically a mon-
opoly, controlling the transportation of nearly all the
country through which it passes; and that as competi-
tion, except at a few points, can not be relied upon to fix
rates, therefore it becomes the duty of the state to fix
reasonable maximum rates, affording a fair remunera-
66 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
tion to the transporter, and without being an onerous
charge to the producer and consumer.
Resolved, that, inasmuch as Belgium has succeeded
in regulating the rates upon railways by government
lines, we ask an investigation of the proposition to con-
trol the rates upon existing railways by trunk lines built
and controlled by the states authorities and run at fixed
uniform and cheap rates.
RESOLVED, that the consolidation of parallel lines of
railway is contrary to public policy, and should be pro-
hibited by law.
Resolved, that wherever a railway corporation owns
or controls a line or lines in two or more states, it is the
right and duty of the general government to regulate
the rates of freight and fare upon such lines, under the
constitutional power to regulate commerce between the
states.
RESOLVED, that we commend the thorough organiza-
tion of the farmers of the country in local, county, and
state organizations, for the purpose of reforming the
great abuses and dealing out equal and exact justice to
all men.
5. FARMERS' AND PRODUCERS' CONVEN-
TION, NEW YORK, 1873
Periam, J. The Groundsv.fllt 320-322. During thi» time meetings were
also being held in the Eastern States, to which many western dele-
gates were invited. The second of these was held in New York,
May 6, 1873, and adopted the resolutions below. Before the New
York meeting adjourned, a committee with Hon. Josiah Quincy of
Boston as chairman was appointed to draft an address to the people.
This was done in November, and a meeting was called for January
14, 1874, in Washington, when all complaints were brought before
Congress. This meeting is known as "The American Cheap Trans-
portation Convention."
WHEREAS, the productive industries of the United
States -plantation and farm, mine and factory, com-
mercial and mercantile -are not only the sources of all
our national and individual wealth, but also elements on
which our very national and individual existence de-
pend; and
WHEREAS, all national products are fruits of labor
and capital, and as neither labor nor capital will con-
tinue actively employed without an equivalent meas-
urably just; and,
Whereas, the great national industries are only sus-
tained and prospered by the interchange of products of
one section of the country for those of another; and,
WHEREAS, the existing rates of transportation for the
varied products of the Union from one part of the coun-
try to another, and to foreign countries, as well as the
transit cost of commodities required in exchange, are
in many instances injurious, and to certain interests ab-
solutely destructive, arising in part at least from an
insufficiency of avenues; and,
Whereas, the great national want of the nation to-
68 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
day is relief from the present rates of transit upon Amer-
ican products; therefore, be it
RESOLVED, i. That it is the duty of the hour, and
the mission of this association, to obtain from Congress,
and the different state legislatures such legislation as
may be necessary to control and limit by law, within
proper constitutional and legitimate limits, rates and
charges of existing lines of transportation; to increase,
where practicable, the capacity of our water-ways, and
to aid such new avenues, both water and rail, as our
immensely increasing internal commerce demands, so
that the producer may be justly rewarded for his honest
toil, the consumers have cheap products, and our almost
limitless surplus find foreign markets at rates to com-
pete with the world.
2. That cheap transportation, both of persons and
property, is most conducive to free movement of the
people; that the widest interchange and consumption
of the produce of the different parts of the Union is
essential to the welfare and prosperity of the country.
3. That constant and frequent association of the in-
habitants of remote parts of the United States is not only
desirable, but necessary, for the maintenance of a homo-
geneous and harmonious population within the vast
area of our territory.
4. That the different parts of the country also de-
mand the freest possible interchange of industrial pro-
ducts of the varied climates and industries of the United
States, so that breadstuffs, textile fabrics, lumber, iron,
sugar, and various other products, local in their pro-
duction but general in their consumption, may all reach
the consumer at the least practicable cost for transpor-
tation; and that an arbitrary and unnecessary tax levied
by the transporter over and above a fair remuneration
ten] FARMERS* ORGANIZATIONS 69
for his investment is a burden upon the producer and
consumer that it is the part of wise statesmanship to
remove.
5. That certain leading railway corporations of the
country, although chartered to subserve the public wel-
fare, and endowed with the right of eminent domain
solely for that purpose, have proved themselves prac-
tically monopolists, and become the tools of avaricious
and unscrupulous capitalists, to be used to plunder the
public, enrich themselves, and impoverish the country
through which they run.
6. That many of the railway corporations have not
only disregarded public convenience and prosperity, but
have oppressed citizens, bribed our legislatures, and
defied our executives and judges, and stand today the
most menacing danger to American liberty and to re-
publican government.
7. That the present system of railway management
having failed to meet the just expectations and demands
of a long-suffering people, it must be radically reformed
and controlled by the strong hand of the law, both state
and national, and railway corporations compelled to
perform their proper functions as servants and not mas-
ters of the people.
8. That, to this end, we invoke the aid of all fair-
minded men in all the states of the Union in excluding
from the halls of legislation, from our executive offices,
and from the bench, all railway officials, railway attor-
neys, or other hirelings who prostitute public office to
the base uses of private gain.
9. That, leaving different sections and interests that
desire cheap transportation to work out the problem in
such manner as they may deem best, we earnestly invoke
their careful consideration, their energetic and their res-
7o AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
olute will in regulating and controlling rates of transpor-
tation, and in giving remunerative wages to the producer
and cheap products to the consumer, untaxed by un-
earned charges for their carriage.
10. That we invite the people of the various states
to organize subsidiary associations, state, county, and
town, to co-operate with the national associations. The
power to accomplish the purposes desired rests abso-
lutely with the suffering millions; and relief is within
their reach and control. United action and the near
future will give, as certain as its need for all time and
the good of all, the true solution of the problem of cheap
transportation. [Adopted unanimously.]
6. PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY
(a) OUTLINE OF THE ORDER
Kelley, O. H. Patrons of Husbandry (Philadelphia, 1875), 17-ao. Au-
guat, 1867.
William Saunders, Esq.
Dear Sir: Notwithstanding a large majority of the
people of this country are directly engaged in agricul-
ture, I regret to say in my travels north and south, east
and west, I find there is a great lack of interest on the
part of farmers -a visible want of energy on their part
to favor progressive agriculture. Where we find one
who reads agricultural books and papers, there are ten
or more who consider "book farming", as they term it,
nonsense. This average is too small. In one of our
western states, after making a general investigation, I
found the circulation of purely agricultural papers was
but one to every two hundred and thirty inhabitants; and
libraries of fifty bound volumes were exceptions, yet but
very few who could not read and write. Their system
of farming was the same as that handed down by gener-
ations gone by, with the exception that economy prompt-
ed them to use reaping and threshing machines. Of the
science of agriculture, the natural laws that govern the
growth of plants and kindred subjects of pleasing and
vital interest to farmers, when once they turn their at-
tention to them, there was ninety per cent who were total-
ly ignorant.
Agricultural editors have worked faithfully for years,
to induce our rural population to read and think -their
increasing circulation (that of older papers) indicates
that they have made some progress, but we see there is
72 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
something wanted to produce an excitement which,
when once created, we can throw on fuel and increase
the flame.
Agricultural societies have done much good by estab-
lishing fairs; yet these are generally the work of a few
right-minded, enthusiastic men, aided oftentimes by as-
piring politicians. At these fairs the great attractions
generally are implements and works of art, while the
products of the soil offer the least attractions, and to
bring the farmers out in any numbers, it is actually neces-
sary to introduce, as a prominent feature, horse-races
and numerous side-shows.
I think we can revolutionize all this, and I suggest the
project of organizing an Order to embrace in its mem-
bership only those persons directly interested in culti-
vating the soil. I should make it a secret order, with
several degrees, and signs and passwords. The lectures
in each degree should be practical, appertaining to agri-
cultural work, at the same time convey a moral lesson.
While the Order would aim to advance agriculture to a
higher rank, by encouraging education, it would at the
same time naturally embrace the benefits to its members
guaranteed by Masonry. Every tool used by farmers
and gardeners could be emblems of the Order in some
degree, and each convey a practical and moral illustra-
tion. Being a rural organization, lodge furniture need
not be extravagant, yet appropriate.
Of membership, I should advocate both sexes being
admitted, having separate degrees for the ladies, yet all
meet in common. Making the expense of each degree
but one dollar, would place it within the means of all.
The secrecy would lend an interest and peculiar fascina-
tion, while the material for manufacturing new degrees
to keep up an interest, would be inexhaustible; and here
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 73
I can safely say no order could surpass this in sublimity
of the degrees that can be introduced.
My plan of work is this: having a complete, but tem-
porary organization of an United States lodge, dispensa-
tions are to be granted to lecturers to organize in several
counties in each state; these county organizations to
elect one delegate each to the state organization, and the
state organization one each to the United States. As
soon as the majority of the states shall be represented,
the temporary organization shall be permanently or-
ganized by the United States delegates. A small fee
from each membership shall be annually paid to the
united organization, and this will defray its expenses.
The grand head of the organizations will be an auxil-
iary to the department of agriculture; and as soon as
this shall become a permanent department, with its
secretary in the Cabinet, it seems to me government can
aid materially in advancing the agricultural interests of
the entire country. I should object to any state, or
United States delegate, holding any government or state
political appointment, while serving in that capacity,
and thus keep it free from contamination. I should ad-
vocate the department sending out agents, men of known
ability, for the collection of statistical information, who
should be versed as botanists, horticulturists, entomolo-
gists, etc., who should deliver free lectures for the or-
ganizations, and to which the Order should invite the
public. In this way, by practical lectures properly il-
lustrated, a vast amount of good could be effected
through appropriations of Congress, and hardly any
member of Congress would wish to vote against appro-
priations that would be called for by the department.
There is nothing now that binds the farmers together,
and I think such an Order would, with the most cheer-
74 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
ful results. Its tendency would be to encourage the cir-
culation of our agricultural newspapers, which insure
the co-operation of the editors. It will increase the de-
mands for fruit trees and nursery products, securing the
support of horticulturists, etc. We only need to secure
the approval of our leading agriculturists. If such
gentlemen as Col. Wilder, Barry, yourself and others,
besides the editors of the agricultural press, will en-
dorse the movement, it can possibly be inaugurated by
the middle of September.
Trusting these views will meet with your hearty ap-
proval, I remain your sincere friend, fraternally,
O. H. Kelley.
(b) THE FIRST GRANGE CIRCULAR
Kelley. Patrons of Husbandry, 38-40. Three hundred copies were sent
out by Kelley in November, 1867.
A number of gentlemen engaged in agriculture and
its kindred branches in different states, are now perfect-
ing a ritual for an Order, to be composed wholly of per-
sons, male and female, directly interested in agricultural
pursuits.
The Order will secure to its members all the advan-
tages of Masonry, but while that is speculative, this will
be operative; its main object being to encourage and
advance education in all branches of agriculture.
The Order will have its "Lodges," known as "Tem-
ples of Industry," or similar appellation. The work in
a "Temple" will be divided into four degrees.
The ceremonies of passing from one degree to the
other are made pleasing and instructive. Every tool
used in agriculture has its appropriate lecture, the aim
being to instruct practically and morally in every pos-
sible way, and also add an interest to the most noble of
all occupations -the cultivation of the soil.
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 75
It is believed that by admitting the young folks of
both sexes at fourteen or sixteen years of age, it will
have a tendency to instill in their minds a fondness for
rural life, and prevent in a great measure so many of
them flocking to the cities, where all occupations are
now crowded, and at the same time depriving the coun-
try of that class of young men so much needed there.
The ceremonies in the degrees for the ladies are
slightly different but of the same nature, and intended
to lighten and render their household duties more pleas-
ing.
The whole, it is believed, will do much towards ele-
vating our occupation, as well as establishing a unity of
sentiment among the farmers of the country, and materi-
ally increase the circulation of publications devoted to
the interests of agriculture, and consequent increase of
knowledge.
Politics and religion are not subjects of discussion.
Private work of the Order will occupy one evening each
month. Public meetings for lectures and discussions
are proposed to be held once a week.
Libraries and museums (the latter to contain among
other things samples of each year's crop of all cereal
productions) are considered necessary appendages to
each Temple.
It is designed to have at least one Temple in each
county, with one delegate from each to the State Tem-
ple: these will send one delegate each to the National
Temple, which is to be the head of the Order. Persons
holding office under government cannot be delegates to
either the State or National Temple.
Should such an organization meet your approval, and
you see fit to offer any suggestions to enable the origina-
tors to make any further improvements, before it is in-
76 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
troduced to the public, the same will be most cordially
received and duly considered.
(c) "THE REAL FOUNDATION"
Kelley. Patrons of Husbandry, 125-130. Grange Circular as revised by
Kelley and Col. D. A. Robertson at St Paul, Minnesota. "It was on
this circular we based the real foundation of the Order."
National Grange, Washington, D.C., September, 1868.
In response to numerous inquiries in regard to the
organization and objects of our Order, this circular is
issued. The Order was organized, after much labor and
preparation, by a number of distinguished agricultur-
ists, of various states of the Union, at Washington, in
December, 1867, and since then has met with most en-
couraging success, giving assurance that it will soon be-
come one of the most useful and powerful organizations
in the United States. Its grand object is not only gen-
eral improvement in husbandry, but to increase the gen-
eral happiness, wealth and prosperity of the country.
It is founded upon the axioms that the products of the
soil comprise the basis of all wealth ; that individual hap-
piness depends upon general prosperity, and that the
wealth of a country depends upon the general intelli-
gence and mental culture of the producing classes. The
best mode of securing a diffusion of knowledge, with a
view to its application for the increase of the products
of the soil, is, therefore one of the most important ques-
tions that can be propounded, and we hope to greatly
facilitate its solution by the results that will follow the
work of this organization. . . When we reflect upon
the fact that certain associations have stood the test of
ages -many centuries -as, for example, the Masonic
Order, we may well pause and ask : "In what does their
permanency consist?" We can find but one satisfactory
answer to this question, and that is in their ritual, secrecy,
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 77
fraternity, and mutual benefits. If, then, these arc the
efficient elements of extension, permanency and success,
why not employ them for the dissemination of useful
knowledge, and a more general and effective organiza-
tion of communities engaged in rural pursuits? and this
we propose, not only for their benefit, but also for the
increase of national wealth and power. If these are
available accessories for the permanent organization of
husbandmen -all other means having failed -why not
adopt them? . . .
Women are admitted into our Order, as well as young
persons of both sexes over the age of sixteen and eighteen
respectively. In its proceedings a love for rural life
will be encouraged, the desire for excitement and amuse-
ment, so prevalent in youth, will be gratified, instead of
being repressed; not, however, in frivolities, as useless
for the future as they are for the present, but by direct-
ing attention to the wonder-workings of nature, and
leading the mind to enjoy and appreciate that never-
ending delight which follows useful studies, relating to
the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms. . .
With regard to the modes of instruction adopted in the
Order, mention may be made of the reading of essays
and of discussions, lectures, formation of select libraries,
circulation of magazines and other publications treating
directly upon the main subjects desired, namely: those
inculcating the principles governing our operations in
the field, orchard and garden.
The novelty of this organization, and the manner it
proposes of introducing a system of special education,
has hitherto prevented the originators from calling pub-
lic attention to its work, but the great favor with which
it has been received, prompts to a bolder action, satisfied
that the noble purposes to which the Order is dedicated,
7 8 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
will command the respect and serious attention of all.
We ignore all political or religious discussions in
the Order; we do not solicit the partonage of any sect,
association or individual upon any grounds whatever,
except upon the intrinsic merits of the Order. It needs
no such patronage, and would not be what it is if it did.
Its objects, as already indicated, are to advance educa-
tion, to elevate and dignify the occupation of the farmer,
and to protect its members against the numerous com-
binations by which their interests are injuriously af-
fected.
There is no association that secures so many advan-
tages to its members as this.
The Order of the Patrons of Husbandry will accom-
plish a thorough and systematic organization among
farmers and horticulturists throughout the United
States, and will secure among them intimate social re-
lations and acquaintance with each other, for the ad-
vancement and elevation of its pursuits, with an appre-
ciation and protection of their true interests. By such
means may be accomplished that which exists through-
out the country in all other avocations, and among all
other classes -combined co-operative association for in-
dividual improvement and common benefit.
In the meetings of this Order, all but members are ex-
cluded, and there is in its proceedings a symbolized Rit-
ual, pleasing, beautiful and appropriate, which is de-
signed not only to charm the fancy, but to cultivate and
enlarge the mind, and purify the heart, having, at the
same time, strict adaptation to rural pursuits.
It is an Order in which all persons will find innocent
recreation and valuable instruction, pecuniary profit
and mutual protection. It is, in truth, a need long felt,
and now required.
The secrecy of the Ritual, and proceedings of the
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 79
Order have been adopted, chiefly, for the purpose of ac-
complishing desired efficiency, extension and unity, and
to secure among its members in the internal working of
the Order -confidence, harmony and security.
Among other advantages which may be derived from
the Order, can be mentioned, systematic arrangements
for procuring and disseminating, in the most expeditious
manner, information relative to crops, demand and sup-
ply, prices, markets, and transportation throughout the
country, and for the establishment of depots for the sale
of special or general products in the cities; also for the
purchase and exchange of stock, seeds, and desired va-
rieties of plants and trees, and for the purpose of pro-
curing help at home or from abroad, and situations for
persons seeking employment; also for ascertaining and
testing the merits of newly invented farming imple-
ments, and those not in general use, and for detecting
and exposing those that are unworthy, and for protect-
ing by all available means, the farming interests from
fraud and deception of every kind.
In conclusion, we desire that agricultural societies
shall keep step with the music of the age, and keep pace
with improvements in the reaping machine and steam
engine. In this Order we expect to accomplish these
results. Every Grange is in intimate relation with its
neighboring Granges, and these with the State Grange,
and the State Granges are in unity with the National
Grange. Valuable information, and benefits enjoyed
by one, are communicated to all. The old style of
Farmers' Clubs, like the old sickle and flail, were very
good in their day, but they are of the past, and are too far
behind all other enterprise in the progress of civiliza-
tion. Hence the necessity of this new Order.
O. H. Kelley, secretary of the National Grange.
80 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
(d) FROM MANUFACTURER TO FARMER, 1872
Rural Carolinian, vol.# iv, 36. That the Grange intended actively to
undertake improvement of the business methods in which farmers
were interested is clear from the following representative circular.
[A circular has been issued by the Executive Com-
mittee of the National Grange P. of H., addressed to
manufacturers of agricultural and domestic imple-
ments, Machinery, etc., from which we make the fol-
lowing extract: -Ed. Carolinian.]
To enable the members of the Order to purchase im-
plements and machinery at as low cost as possible, by
saving the commission usually paid to agents, and the
profits of the long line of dealers standing between the
manufacturers and the farmers, the Executive Commit-
tee of the National Grange desire to publish a list of all
establishments that will deal directly with State and
Subordinate Granges. The list will be regarded as
strictly confidential, and one copy only will be furnished
to each Grange.
Large orders can thus be made up by the consolida-
tion of the orders from Granges in the same state or vi-
cinity, and special terms for freight, etc., arranged with
transportation lines, thereby affecting another large
saving to the purchaser.
Manufacturers of all articles used by farmers who de-
sire to avail themselves of this means of disposing of
their products directly to the consumer for cash, thereby
avoiding the losses incident to the credit system, or the
storing of goods in the hands of commission merchants
and agents, are invited to send their catalogues and
wholesale price list to, and to correspond with,
O. H. KELL[E]Y, sec'y of the National
Grange, Washington, D.C.
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 81
(e) LEGISLATION, NOT POLITICS
Proceedings of the State Grange of Wisconsin, second annual session,
1874, p. 31. Although the Grange insisted at all times that it would
not indulge in political and religious controversies, such resolutions
as the following will show the attitude of the active members.
(Confidential.) At a meeting of the Executive
Committees of the Patrons of Husbandry, for the States
in the Mississippi Valley, held at Keokuk, Iowa, Oct.
1 6th, 1873, among other things the following resolution
was adopted.
RESOLVED, that in the opinion of this convention, the
Executive Committee of each state should be charged
with the special duty of corresponding with their re-
spective representatives in the National Senate and
House of Representatives, upon the subject of the
speedy improvement of the Mississippi River, at its
mouth, and at such other points upon it, as work may
have been already commenced by the general govern-
ment, and upon the speedy improvement of the Fox and
Wisconsin Rivers; that the result of such correspond-
ence be communicated by each such Executive Commit-
tee to a Central Committee, to be appointed by this con-
vention. That such Central Committee shall thereupon
take measures to communicate the combined result of
such reports, in a condensed form, to each and every
state and subordinate Grange of the P. of H. throughout
the United States, with such suggestions as said com-
mittee shall after due deliberation consider advisable to
make, including therein a request for the active co-op-
eration of each Grange, to bring about the consummation
of this step, towards securing the full realization of
this great desire and absolute necessity of the people,
having due regard to uniform action therein; espe-
cially shall such Central Committee, in making the
82 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
aforesaid suggestions, advise the Granges throughout
the Union, to hold to a strict, real and actual accounta-
bility, their respective U.S. senators and representatives,
and from time to time take such measures as will in no
uncertain terms, manifest the determination of the Or-
der to insist upon prompt and decisive action by our
national legislature upon the subject under considera-
tion.
The central committee appointed, consists of J. H.
Osborn, of Wisconsin, Ch'n; Spencer Day, of Iowa;
S. F. Brown, of Michigan ; Wm. Hester, of Mississippi ;
A. Golder, of Illinois; E. R. Shankland, of Iowa.
(f) SOUTHERN PROBLEMS
Proceedings of the Seventh Session of the National Grange of the Patrons
of Husbandry, St. Louis, Feb. 4, 1874, pp. 60-63.
Memorial to the Cotton States. The under-
signed, representatives of the Cotton States in the Na-
tional Grange, beg leave to present to the Patrons of
Husbandry in the cotton-growing section of the Union,
the following suggestions, which they believe to be jus-
tified by the present condition of the South.
During the past seven years, our cotton fields have
added to the wealth of the world ($2,000,000,000) two
thousand millions of dollars, and caused prosperity to
smile upon every one who has handled our crops save
those who struggled for its production. Annually the
energies of the cotton planter have been exhausted in at-
tempting to produce a maximum crop of a single staple,
whilst quite as frequently he has reduced his means in
supplying his necessary wants. A system based upon
such a policy, and producing such results, must be rad-
ically wrong, and if persisted in, will lead to bankrupt-
cy and ruin. We propose to inquire into the cause of
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 83
this evil, and, if possible, present a method of removing
it.
Has it been that the supply of cotton has exceeded the
demand? Statistics do not prove this a fact. Is it that our
labor his been unreliable and expensive? The same
labor investment has nowhere yielded a greater market
value of products. Has Providence inflicted upon us
agricultural disasters? He has often interposed for our
benefits. What then has averted our anticipated pros-
perity? Are we not responsible for our direful condi-
tion, in that we have neglected too much the growth of
breadstuffs, and substituted therefor almost exclusively
the cultivation of cotton? No people can ever become
prosperous who are not self-sustaining. Our fertile
soil, exhaustless mineral wealth, abundant water power,
and genial, salubrious climate avail us nothing if an-
nually we expend millions for subsistence. It is gener-
ally conceded that home-grown bread is cheaper than
purchased supplies ; and the observation of every planter
is, that those southern farmers who live within them-
selves are more independent and less encumbered with
debt than those who have relied solely upon the cotton
crop. Were it otherwise, it is hazardous for any people
to rely upon others for a supply of those articles which
are necessary for their daily consumption.
The horrors of famine which have more than once
cursed the people of India, in their efforts to grow cot-
ton to the exclusion of breadstuffs, would have been re-
peated in our midst but that we were able to supply our
necessities from the teeming granaries of the northwest.
We shrink from the contemplation of what would be
our condition should disaster deprive us of that resource.
During the past year, certain portions of Iowa, Minne-
sota, and Dakota have been invaded by the grasshopper
84 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
which has swept their fields like a fire, and destroyed
every vestige of vegetation. Imagine your condition,
should a similar invasion become general in the north-
west. Couple with this idea the total failure of a cotton
crop either from the worms, from drought, or from any
other unavoidable cause. Improbable as such visita-
tions may appear, have we the power to prevent them;
and is it wise to subject ourselves to the possibility of be-
coming the victims of such calamities? Depend upon
it, our wisest and safest policy is, as far as practicable,
to produce at home our necessary supplies. Is there a
farm in the South upon which this can not be done, and at
the same time produce an average cotton crop as the net
result of the farmers' annual labors? We believe there
is not; and you have only to practice this policy for the
year 1874, and the harvest-time will proclaim redemp-
tion to the South, and a return to its wonted prosperity.
As our Constitution expresses it "the prosperity of a
nation is in proportion to the value of its productions."
Then how magnificently prosperous should be the Cot-
ton States of this Union! Annually four millions
(4,000,000) of bales of cotton are produced upon
southern soil. But what proportion of this vast amount
is retained to indicate our prosperity? One half of it is
expended for necessary supplies, whilst the remainder
is divided between labor and taxes. Hence the cost of
production has succeeded the value of the article pro-
duced. Shall this policy continue? Extensive cotton
crops have evinced our unity of purpose, and entailed
poverty upon us. An equal uniform adhesion to mixed
husbandry would secure our recuperation.
Patrons of the South, do you appreciate your priv-
ileges? Reflect upon your opportunity to exact tribute
of the world. Cotton is a necessity, and the extent of that
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 85
necessity can be calculated with exactness. It is equally
well known what proportion of that necessity must be
supplied by the Cotton States of America. If three
million five hundred thousand bales (3,500,000) are
grown, they will be consumed before another crop can
be gathered, and a remunerative market price will be
sustained by the consequent demand. If four millions
five hundred thousand (4,500,000) bales are grown the
large marginal excess will control and depress the mar-
ket. Is it not within the power of our organization to
control this feature of our condition? Alternatives for
success are numerous, but we need rely upon the single
one of cooperating in the determination to subsist at
home. With this end attained, there is no reason why
we should not be the happiest, most independent and
prosperous people on earth.
D. Wyatt Aiken, S.C., Member Ex. Com. Nat.
Grange ; W. H. CHAMBERS, Master State Grange, Ala. ;
A. J. VAUGHAN, Master Mississippi State Grange;
Ben. F. Wardlaw, Master State Grange, Fla.; JOHN
T. Jones, Master State Grange, Ark. ; H. W. L. Lewis,
Master State Grange, La.; G. J. Smith, Master State
Grange, Ga. ; W. Maxwell, Master State Grange,
Tenn. ; COLUMBUS Mills, Master State Grange, N.C.
(g) ANNUAL SESSIONS OF DELEGATES, 18731879
(t) Sixth Session, Georgetown, D.C., January 8-n, 1873.
Proceedings of the Sixth Session of the National Grange of the Patrons
of Husbandry, Washington, D.C., January 8, 1873. This was the
first session as a delegate body, but the sixth annual session of the
national organization. It followed the first really active year. Twen-
ty-three delegates were present The preamble, constitution, and by-
laws were overhauled, the National Grange was incorporated, and
committees on transportation and cooperation made reports. Prior to
1873 the national organization was in financial trouble. By 1874
their treasury began to fill. By 187$ officers were well paid; large
donations were made to members who suffered by flood, locusts, etc ;
and money was loaned and afterward donated to the State Granges.
86 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
By 1877 rigid economy was preached, and expenses necessarily re-
duced. The secretary's report in 1873 follows in part
[5, 6:] During the past year there have been organ-
ized eight State Granges in the following States: Illi-
nois (reorganized), Indiana, Wisconsin (reorganized),
Vermont, South Carolina, Nebraska, Mississippi, and
Kansas; while Michigan and Missouri are ready to be
admitted, as well as Ohio, Tennessee, and Arkansas;
Oregon will not be far behind. In regard to the stand-
ing of the states as to working and paying Granges, Iowa
takes the lead -having seven hundred and fifty-four re-
corded. South Carolina stands next, having organized
its State Grange with sixty-two Sub-granges, and has
now on record one hundred and two Granges, and with
Mississippi, with sixty-one Granges, are the only States
where every Grange reports and pays dues prompt-
ly. . . We now have Sub-granges organized in
twenty- two states, and three have been established in
Canada. The total number of Granges is 1,362. [1,105
organized during the year.]
[The Preamble, Constitution, and By-laws, as over-
hauled and adopted, contained the following, pp. 12-
18:]
PREAMBLE. Human happiness is the acme of earthly
ambition. Individual happiness depends upon general
prosperity.
The prosperity of a nation is in proportion to the
value of its productions.
The soil is the source from whence we derive all that
constitutes wealth ; without it we would have no agri-
culture, no manufactures, no commerce. Of all the
material gifts of the Creator, the various productions of
the vegetable world are of the first importance. The art
of agriculture is the parent and precursor of all arts,
and its products the foundation of all wealth.
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 87
The productions of the earth are subject to the influ-
ence of natural laws, invariable and indisputable; the
amount produced will consequently be in proportion to
the intelligence of the producer, and success will depend
upon his knowledge of the action of these laws, and the
proper application of their principles.
Hence, knowledge is the foundation of happiness.
The ultimate object of this organization is for mutual
instruction and protection, to lighten labor by diffusing
a knowledge of its aims and purposes, expand the mind
by tracing the beautiful laws the Great Creator has es-
tablished in the universe, and to enlarge our views of
creative wisdom and power.
To those who read aright, history proves that in all
ages society is fragmentary, and successful results of
general welfare can be secured only by general effort.
Unity of action cannot be acquired without discipline,
and discipline cannot be enforced without significant
organization; hence we have a ceremony of initiation
which binds us in mutual fraternity as with a band of
iron; but although its influence is so powerful, its ap-
plication is as gentle as that of the silken thread that
binds a wreath of flowers.
The Patrons of Husbandry consist of the following:
Organization -Subordinate Granges
First Degree: Laborer (man), Maid (woman).
Second Degree: Cultivator (man), Shepherdess
(woman).
Third Degree: Harvester (man), Gleaner (woman).
Fourth Degree: Husbandman (man), Matron (wo-
man).
STATE GRANGE. Fifth Degree: Pomona (Hope).
Composed of Masters of Subordinate Granges and their
wives who are Matrons. Past Masters and their wives
88 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
who are Matrons shall be honorary members and eligi-
ble to office, but not entitled to vote.
National Grange. Sixth Degree: Flora (Char-
ity) . Composed of Masters of State Granges and their
wives who have taken the degree of Pomona. Past
masters of State Granges, and their wives who have tak-
en said degree of Pomona, shall be honorary members
and eligible to office, but not entitled to vote.
Seventh Degree: Ceres (Faith). Members of the
National Grange who have served one year therein may
become members of this degree upon application and
election. It shall have charge of the secret work of the
Order, and shall be a court of impeachment of all offi-
cers of the National Grange. Members of this degree
are honorary members of the National Grange, and are
eligible to office therein, but not entitled to vote.
Constitution. Article i- Officers. Section i.
The officers of a Grange, either national, state, or subor-
dinate, consist of and rank as follows : master, overseer,
lecturer, steward, assistant steward, chaplain, treasurer,
secretary, gate-keeper, Ceres, Pomona, Flora, and Lady
Assistant Steward. It is their duty to see that the laws
of the Order are carried out.
Section 2. In the Subordinate Granges they shall be
chosen annually; in the State Granges once in two years ;
and in the National Grange once in three years. All
elections to be by ballot. [Also provides for filling va-
cancies.]
Section 3. The Master of the National Grange may
appoint members of the Order as deputies to organize
Granges where no State Grange exists.
Section 4. There shall be an Executive Committee
of the National Grange, consisting of three members,
whose terms of office shall be three years, one of whom
shall be elected each year.
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 89
Section 5. The officers of the respective Granges
shall be addressed as "Worthy."
Article ii- Meetings. Section 1. Subordinate
Granges shall meet once each month, and may hold in-
termediate meetings as may be deemed necessary for the
good of the Order. All business meetings are confined
to the Fourth Degree.
[Sections 2, 3, State Granges and National Grange
meet annually.]
[Articles iii-iv, Laws and Ritual are framed by
National Grange.]
Article v- Membership. Any person interested in
agricultural pursuits, of the age of sixteen years (fe-
male), and eighteen years (male), duly proposed, elect-
ed, and complying with the rules and regulations of the
Order, is entitled to membership and the benefit of the
degrees taken. Every application must be accompanied
by the fee of membership. If rejected, the money will
be refunded. Applications must be certified by mem-
bers, and balloted for at a subsequent meeting. It shall
require three negative votes to reject an applicant.
Article vi-Fees for Membership. [Minimum
rates: men, five dollars; women, two dollars.]
Article vii-Dues. [Minimum rate, ten cents a
month.]
Article viii - Requirements. Section i. [Re-
ports, etc., to the National Grange on crops, implements,
stock.]
Section 3. If any brothers or sisters of the Order are
sick, it shall be the duty of the patrons to visit them, and
see that they are well provided with all things needful.
Section 4. Any member found guilty of wanton
cruelty to animals shall be expelled from the Order.
Section 5. The officers of Subordinate Granges shall
be on the alert in devising means by which the interests
90 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
of the whole Order may be advanced; but no plan of
work shall be adopted by State or Subordinate Granges
without first submitting it to, and receiving the sanction
of the National Grange.
[ARTICLE IX- Charters and Dispensations issue from
National Grange through State Granges.]
[Article x- Duties of Officers.]
[Article xi -Treasurers.]
Article xii - Restrictions. Religious or political
questions will not be tolerated as subjects of discussion
in the work of the Order, and no political or religious
tests for membership shall be applied.
Article xiii- Amendments. [Require two-thirds
vote in National Grange, and ratification by three-
fourths of State Granges.]
By Laws -Article 4. Questions of administration
and jurisprudence arising in and between State Granges,
and appeals from the action and decision thereof, shall
be referred to the Master and Executive Committee of
the National Grange, whose decision shall be respected
and obeyed until overruled by action of the National
Grange.
ARTICLE 9. It shall be the duty of the Executive
Committee to exercise a general supervision of the af-
fairs of the Order during the recess of the National
Grange; to instruct the secretary in regard to printing
and disbursements, and to place in his hands a contingent
fund; to decide all questions and appeals referred to
them by the officers and members of State Granges; and
to lay before the National Grange at each session a re-
port of all such questions and appeals, and their deci-
sions thereon.
Article 12. Each State Grange shall be entitled to
send one representative, who shall be a Master thereof,
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 91
or his proxy, to all meetings of the National Grange.
He shall receive mileage at the rate of five cents per
mile both ways, computed by the nearest practicable
route, to be paid as follows: The master and secretary
of the National Grange shall give such representative
an order for the amount on the treasurer of the State
Grange which he represents, and this order shall be re-
ceivable by the National Grange in payment of state
dues.
ARTICLE 13. Special meetings of the National
Grange shall be called by the master upon the applica-
tion of the masters of ten State Granges, one month's
notice of such meeting being given to all members of the
National Grange. No alterations or amendments to
the by-laws or ritual shall be made at any special meet-
ing.
(a) Seventh Session, 1874.
Proceedings of the Seventh Session of the National Grange of the Patrons
of Husbandry, St. Louis, Missouri, February 4, 1874.
[T. R. Allen, master of the State Grange of Missouri,
welcomed the National Grange, as follows (pages 6-8) :]
. . . When I pledged you, as a result of a favor-
able consideration of my motion, that we would have
one hundred granges in the state by the time this session
convened, I did it with fear and trembling. . . We
had nominally at that time nineteen granges in the state,
really not half that number of live active ones. And,
now, behold! I have exceeding great pleasure to inform
you that instead of one hundred we have one thousand
five hundred live, active working granges. . . The
organization now exists in nearly every one of the one
hundred and fourteen counties of our state. . . The
exhibition I there witnessed [session of 1873] of frater-
nal sympathy, Christian spirit, harmonious unity of ac-
92 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
tion, oneness of purpose, entire absence of sectional,
political, or other prejudices or jealousies among men,
assembled for the first time from all the extreme sections
of our country, that had so recently been convulsed and
torn by the worst passions of our nature, made an im-
pression on my mind so favorable to our order that it
gave me courage and strength to labor and to endure
in a manner and to an extent that I feel sure I never
could have otherwise done. Since that time I have trav-
elled not less than fifteen thousand miles within the lim-
its of our state, in the interests of this noble cause, and
have everywhere witnessed the same result among our
people. Everywhere men of the most antagonistic
feelings, prejudices, jealousies, and even hatred have
through its influence been brought together, made better
acquainted with each other instead of enemies. They
now feel and act toward each other as never before. The
social improvement and amenities of life are cultivated
as never before. A taste for reading, habits of thought,
investigation, and intellectual culture are promoted to
an extent never thought of or dreamed of before. . .
[Worthy Master Adams (pages 11-21)]. . . At
our last annual meeting, there were represented nine
state granges, having under their jurisdiction about
thirteen hundred subordinate granges. Today there are
state granges in thirty-two states and two territories, all
of which are today present through their chosen repre-
sentatives, and claim under their jurisdiction nearly
twelve thousand subordinate granges. . . The causes
which have led to this great uprising which have ren-
dered the work of organization possible and even easy
are few but grave, and mainly of a nature never con-
templated by the originators of the order. In its incep-
tion it was intended to be chiefly a social and educational
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 93
institution, something after the nature of a farmers'
club, only more comprehensive in its plan, including
both sexes, and rendered more attractive by a pleasing
ritual and the subtle charm of secrecy. It was intended
to bring together, at frequent and stated periods, the
agricultural population, to interchange views, discuss
agricultural, literary, and scientific questions, and cul-
tivate the social amenities of civilized life. In short, it
was intended to improve the standing of the tillers of the
soil, mentally, morally, and socially. As such it has been
and is being a most magnificent success. Though some
other features, which have been engrafted on the parent
stock at a later day, have occupied a more prominent
place in the eye of the public than this, yet it can not be
denied that none are of equal importance to the per-
manent welfare of the Order and its members; for, real-
ly, moral worth, mental power, and social culture lie at
the foundation of all real progress. There is danger
that, in grappling with the gigantic questions of the
hour, we may lose sight of the rock on which we build-
ed. . . When the first subordinate granges had been
organized, one of the first and most proper subjects for
discussion was, how to make two blades of grass grow
where one grew before. During these discussions, the
fact soon became prominent that how to sell crops was
fully as knotty a question as how to grow them. It
came to the conviction of members, that we received
sixty cents for a bushel of wheat, while the man who ate
it paid one dollar and twenty cents for it. We were sell-
ing corn at twenty cents per bushel, while the consumer
was paying eighty cents for it. In what we bought, there
was the same discrepancy between the first cost and what
we were obliged to pay. For mowers, sewing-machines,
plows, musical instruments, etc., we were paying from
94 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
thirty to two hundred per cent above the original cost.
We asked ourselves whether this amazing difference
was a necessity, or the result of circumstances over which
we had control. The solution of this problem soon be-
came a leading idea in the Order.
Subordinate granges, county councils, and state
granges have given this one point more thought and at-
tention than perhaps any other, and I am happy to know
that satisfactory progress has been made -millions of
dollars saved to the members of the Order, and still the
outlook is, that we are as yet only on the threshold of this
great work. Almost universally we find manufacturers
and consumers equally anxious to be relieved of so much
as is possible of the loss in transit occasioned by a sur-
plus of middle-men. Most of those manufacturers of
small agricultural implements have been found ready
to sell direct to granges at wholesale rates. With the
manufacturers of reapers and mowers, the case has been
different, not that they are unwilling to do so from any
principle or prejudice, but no one state was strong
enough to show them that they could offer a more certain
market for their wares than could be obtained through
their present system of agencies. In such cases as these,
it is the duty of the national to lend its aid to the state
granges, or by itself grapple with the difficulty. The
subject of cooperative stores is one in which subordinate
granges have manifested much interest, but the want of
definite information as to the most approved and suc-
cessful plan of conducting them has prevented their gen-
eral establishment. I am of the opinion that the Na-
tional Grange should prepare a careful and elaborate
plan for such stores, using therefor the abundant ma-
terials which the experience of the Rochdale and other
societies afford. . . Transportation of farm products
ten]
FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS
95
to market is also an outgrowth of and properly a part of
the same question, and a part which has laid firm hold
on the consciences of our people. . . Rates of freight
are often exorbitantly high and frequently changed.
Often a larger bill is charged for a short distance than
a long one, thus discriminating against places ; and often
higher rates are charged one individual than another,
thus discriminating against persons. When we plant a
crop, we can only guess what it will cost to send it to
market, for we are the slaves of those whom we cre-
ated. . . What shall be the remedy? Here lies the
difficulty, for even in our own ranks there is a Babel of
opinion. Some advocate new routes east, subsidized by
government, either rail or canal ; others would have new
roads made by private enterprise and trust to competi-
tion. The first of these will require many years before
they can afford the relief which we want now; and be-
sides will surely develop into other Credit Mobiliers.
The second will only add one more link to the chain
which now binds us hand and foot. I see no solution of
this question but for Congress to avail itself of its con-
stitutional right to regulate commerce between the
states, and for the states themselves to regulate the tar-
iffs within their own boundaries. . .
ARTICLE 5 [Constitution]. This, as now worded,
caused, perhaps, more trouble and vexation than any
other. I refer to the clause which reads: "Any person
interested in agricultural pursuits." This clause is ca-
pable of such varied construction that much confusion
and misunderstanding has resulted. During the infancy
of the Order, when members were few, our strength
puny, and our chief aim simply social and educational,
there was little danger in construing this clause liberally
and admitting nearly all who would pay the fee and con-
96 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
sent to join such a weak and unpopular institution. But
now all these circumstances are changed. To be a Pa-
tron of Husbandry is no longer of doubtful propriety,
but the proudest in the land are knocking at our door.
The Order has become recognized as one of the great
powers in the land, and the gates are besieged, from
ocean to ocean, by hordes of speculators, demagogues,
small politicians, grain-buyers, cotton-factors, and law-
yers, who suddenly discover that they are "interested in
agricultural pursuits;" but only as a hawk is interested
in the sparrow. . .
ARTICLE 12 also demands most serious consideration
to definitely decide what interpretation shall be put
upon the word "political." I am gratified that our mem-
bers are substantially a unit in the opinion that the Order
should not in any sense become a political party. But at
the same time, there are questions most fundamentally
affecting our material interests, which can only be
reached through legislation. It seems imperative, that
such questions be discussed in the grange. Shall it
be ruled that such questions were political in the mean-
ing of the constitution? The questions of transporta-
tion, taxation, finance, corruption in public places,
were such as come home to the conscience and pockets
of our members, and they wish to know whether they
will be denied the privilege of canvassing them on the
ground of politics. This body should clearly set forth
an authoritative interpretation for the guidance of mem-
bers.
[Executive Committee (pages 28-32)] Your com-
mittee have issued three business circulars during the
year, and have visited various cities and manufacturing
stations in efforts to effect special arrangements for the
benefit of the Order. They have also placed themselves
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 97
in correspondence with presidents and directors of rail-
road and other transportation companies, and have made
personal visits to many of them, and in all their negotia-
tions the utmost harmony has prevailed. Occasionally
prejudices were encountered, and wrong impressions
with regard to the aims and objects of the Order had to
be removed ; but after acquiring a thorough understand-
ing of our propositions in regard to business transactions,
satisfactory arrangements were speedily perfected.
Unfortunately for the Order, the impression prevails
to some extent that its chief mission is to fight railroads
and denounce capitalists. It is a work of time to remove
these erroneous impressions, and to prove that we do
not wage a meaningless aggressive warfare upon any in-
terest whatever; but that, on the contrary, all our acts
and all our efforts, so far as business is concerned, are not
only for the benefit of producers and consumers, but
equally for all other interests that tend to bring these
two parties into speedy and economical contact. . .
The past experience of your committee induces it to
suggest for your consideration the propriety of estab-
lishing a Business Agency in the office of the National
Grange, to be under the direct and entire control of the
Executive Committee. Among other duties, this agency
would publish, at such intervals of time as would be
deemed best, a complete business directory of the Order.
This would not only embrace all arrangements made by
the Executive Committee of the National Grange, but
also those of all state granges; thus showing at one com-
prehensive view the entire business facilities of the Or-
der, a copy to be sent to each subordinate grange as soon
as published. [Advocates collection of statistics, publi-
cation of tracts, employment of lecturers.]
[Membership was interpreted, as follows (page 72)]
98 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
RESOLVED, that in the sense of the National Grange, the
expression, "Interested in agricultural pursuits," in arti-
cle 5 of the constitution, means, "Engaged in agricul-
tural pursuits, and having no interest in conflict with
our purposes."
[Committee on Transportation and Cooperation
(pages 78-80) ] The Order of the Patrons of Husband-
ry, representing the productive industry of the country,
finds the means of transportation inadequate to carry on
its exchanges, while at the same time the cost of trans-
portation, chiefly on account of the inadequacy of the
means, is so excessive as to be onerous. The committee
would therefore respectfully suggest the following reso-
lutions:
First: that the Mississippi River be made navigable,
with a permanent outlet to the gulf, and its channel be
so improved as to afford a means of transportation for
the exchanges of those states lying upon its borders,
commensurate with their demands.
Second: that Congress, in accordance with the pro-
visions of the constitution, so regulate the internal com-
merce between the states as to make the tax upon internal
transportation approximate more justly the actual cost,
while at the same time in no way threatening or injuring
the legitimate claims of invested capital, to secure such
a proportionate share of the wealth produced by industry
as it is justly entitled to for its services.
Third: that the proper legislative measures be in-
stituted to restore our foreign commerce to its former
condition of efficiency, so that the charge of freight may
no longer be a direct tax against our productive industry,
but, as it used to be, an increase of our domestic re-
sources.
Fourth: that printed copies of these resolutions be
furnished the masters of state granges, and they be in-
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 99
structcd to forward them to the members of Congress
from their respective states.
Fifth : while the above resolutions suggest the aid of
the state in attaining our ends, yet your committee would
take this occasion to impress upon the members of the
Order, that taking the matter in their own hands and or-
ganizing effective cooperation between themselves as
producers and the transportation companies as legiti-
mately engaged in a necessary function of the business
of exchange, is one of the most practical means for pro-
ducing immediate results.
Your committee were also enjoined to take into con-
sideration the subject of business cooperation. Under
this head, we feel the imperative necessity of some defi-
nite action, to the end that there may be an exchange of
products between producers in the different sections of
country. The cotton and sugar-growing states, the
manufacturing and mining districts of the Eastern and
Middle States and the bread and meat-producing states
of the west, are all united by a common bond of interest,
an interest which the Order of Patrons will bring to-
gether and utilize.
It should be our purpose to arrange a business system
by which an exchange of products may be made direct
between the producer and consumer without the inter-
vention of an unnecessary number of middle men. It
is of but little satisfaction to our brothers of the south to
know that corn in Iowa is selling at thirty cents per
bushel while they pay eighty, or that meat in Illinois is
four cents per pound, while it costs them eight. It is a
questionable consolation to the manufacturer of New-
England to know that in the valley of the Mississippi a
yard of his cloth will buy three loaves of bread, when
but one of them ever reaches his family.
Your committee recognize fully that these differences
ioo AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
are not caused by a fair and equitable system of trans-
portation or business needs, but by an unhealthy system
of watered stock and an unnecessary number of middle
men, which together eat up too large a share of the
products of labor. In view of these facts, we respectful-
ly submit the following resolution :
Resolved, that the Executive Committee of the Na-
tional Grange be instructed to give especial attention
to furnishing Patrons with tools and implements for the
cultivation of our farms, and all family and farm sup-
plies, at as low a price as a legitimate business profit will
permit, and also to make arrangements by which a mu-
tual exchange of products between different sections of
the country may be made ; and they are hereby author-
ized to employ, if in their judgment it may be necessary,
competent agents to aid them in the work.
That they be also instructed to devise some safe plan
for co-operative stores, for the information of members
of the Order, and transmit the same to the Executive
Committees of the several state granges. [Adopted.]
A. B. Smedley, B. F. Wardlaw,
W. Maxwell, Edward Holland.
[On account of the many resolutions promulgated by
State and local granges in all parts of the country, each
according to the local situation, the following complete
statement was adopted (pages 56-60).]
DECLARATION OF PURPOSE OF THE NATIONAL
GRANGE
PREAMBLE. Profoundly impressed with the truth
that the National Grange of the United States should
definitely proclaim to the world its general objects, we
hereby unanimously make this Declaration of Purposes
of the Patrons of Husbandry:
General Objects, i. United by the strong and
ten] FARMERS* ORGANIZATIONS 101
faithful tic of agriculture, wc mutually resolve to labor
for the good of our Order, our country, and mankind.
2. We heartily indorse the motto: "In essentials,
unity; in non-essentials, liberty; in all things, charity."
Specific Objects. 3. Wc shall endeavor to advance
our cause by laboring to accomplish the following ob-
jects :
To develop a better and higher manhood and woman-
hood among ourselves. To enhance the comforts and at-
tractions of our homes, and strengthen our attachments
to our pursuits. To foster mutual understanding and
cooperation. To maintain inviolate our laws, and to
emulate each other in labor to hasten the good time
coming. To reduce our expenses, both individual and
corporate. To buy less and produce more, in order to
make our farms self-sustaining. To diversify our crops,
and crop no more than we can cultivate. To condense
the weight of our exports, selling less in the bushel and
more on hoof and in fleece; less in lint, and more in
warp and woof. To systematize our work, and calculate
intelligently on probabilities. To discountenance the
credit system, the mortgage system, the fashion system,
and every other system tending to prodigality and bank-
ruptcy.
We propose meeting together, talking together, work-
ing together, buying together, selling together, and in
general acting together for our mutual protection and
advancement, as occasion may require. We shall avoid
litigation as much as possible by arbitration in the
Grange. We shall constantly strive to secure entire har-
mony, good-will, vital brotherhood among ourselves,
and to make our order perpetual. We shall earnestly
endeavor to suppress personal, local, sectional, and na-
tional prejudices, all unhealthy rivalry, all selfish
102 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
ambition. Faithful adherence to these principles will
insure our mental, moral, social, and material advance-
ment.
Business Relations. 4. For our business interests,
we desire to bring producers and consumers, farmers
and manufacturers into the most direct and friendly re-
lations possible. Hence we must dispense with a sur-
plus of middlemen, not that we are unfriendly to them,
but we do not need them. Their surplus and their ex-
actions diminish our profits.
We wage no aggressive warfare against any other in-
terests whatever. On the contrary, all our acts and all
our efforts, so far as business is concerned, are not only
for the benefit of the producer and consumer, but also
for all other interests that tend to bring these two parties
into speedy and economical contact. Hence we hold
that transportation companies of every kind are neces-
sary to our success, that their interests are intimately
connected with our interests, and harmonious action is
mutually advantageous, keeping in view the first sen-
tence in our declaration of principles of action that
"Individual happiness depends upon general prosper-
ity."
We shall, therefore, advocate for every state the in-
crease in every practicable way, of all facilities for
transporting cheaply to the seaboard, or between home
producers and consumers, all the productions of our
country. We adopt it as our fixed purpose to "open out
the channels in nature's great arteries that the life-blood
of commerce may flow freely."
We are not enemies of railroads, navigable and irri-
gating canals, nor of any corporation that will advance
our industrial interests, nor of any laboring classes.
In our noble Order there is no communism, no agra-
rianism.
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 103
We arc opposed to such spirit and management of any
corporation or enterprise as tends to oppress the people
and rob them of their just profits. We are not enemies
to capital, but we oppose the tyranny of monopolies.
We long to see the antagonism between capital and labor
removed by common consent, and by an enlightened
statesmanship worthy of the nineteenth century. We
are opposed to excessive salaries, high rates of interest,
and exorbitant per cent profits in trade. They greatly
increase our burdens, and do not bear a proper propor-
tion to the profits of producers. We desire only self-
protection and the protection of every true interest of
our land by legitimate transactions, legitimate trade,
and legitimate profits.
Education. We shall advance the cause of educa-
tion among ourselves and for our children, by all just
means within our power. We especially advocate for
our agricultural and industrial colleges that practical
agriculture, domestic science, and all the arts which
adorn the home, be taught in their courses of study.
The Grange not partisan. 5. We emphatically
and sincerely assert the oft-repeated truth taught in our
organic law, that the Grange, National, State, or Sub-
ordinate, is not a political or party organization. No
Grange, if true to its obligations, can discuss political or
religious questions, nor call political conventions, nor
nominate candidates, nor even discuss their merits in its
meetings.
Yet the principles we teach underlie all true politics,
all true statesmanship, and, if properly carried out, will
tend to purify the whole political atmosphere of our
country. For we seek the greatest good to the greatest
number.
We must always bear in mind that no one, by becoming
a Patron of Husbandry, gives up that inalienable right
104 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
and duty which belongs to every American citizen, to
take a proper interest in the politics of his country.
On the contrary, it is right for every member to do all
in his power legitimately to influence for good the action
of any political party to which he belongs. It is his
duty to do all he can in his own party to put down
bribery, corruption, and trickery; to see that none but
competent, faithful, and honest men, who will unflinch-
ingly stand by our industrial interests, are nominated
for all positions of trust; and to have carried out the
principle which should always characterize every Pa-
tron, that the office should seek the man, and not the
man the office.
We acknowledge the broad principle that difference
of opinion is no crime, and hold that "progress toward
truth is made by differences of opinion," while "the
fault lies in bitterness of controversy."
We desire a proper equality, equity, and fairness;
protection for the weak, restraint upon the strong; in
short, justly distributed burdens and justly distributed
power. These are American ideas, the very essence of
American independence, and to advocate the contrary
is unworthy of the sons and daughters of an American
republic.
We cherish the belief that sectionalism is, and of right
should be, dead and buried with the past. Our work is
for the present and the future. In our agricultural
brotherhood and its purposes we shall recognize no
north, no south, no east, no west.
It is reserved by every Patron, as the right of a free-
man, to affiliate with any party that will best carry out
his principles.
Outside Co-operation. 6. Ours being peculiarly a
farmers' institution, we cannot admit all to our ranks.
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 105
Many are excluded by the nature of our organization,
not because they are professional men, or artisans, or
laborers, but because they have not a sufficient direct in-
terest in tilling the soil, or may have some interest in
conflict with our purposes. But we appeal to all good
citizens for their cordial cooperation to assist in our
efforts toward reform, that we may eventually remove
from our midst the last vestige of tyranny and corrup-
tion. We hail the general desire for fraternal harmony,
equitable compromises, and earnest cooperation, as an
omen of our future success.
7. It shall be an abiding principle with us to relieve
any of our oppressed and suffering brotherhood by any
means at our command.
Last, but not least, we proclaim it among our pur-
poses to inculcate a proper appreciation of the abilities
and sphere of woman, as is indicated by admitting her to
membership and position in our order.
Imploring the continued assistance of our Divine
Master to guide us in our work, we here pledge ourselves
to faithful and harmonious labor for all future time, to
return by our united efforts to the wisdom, justice, fra-
ternity, and political purity of our forefathers.
[Money was appropriated to assist members in Iowa,
Minnesota and Dakota who suffered from "grasshopper
plague;" the organization refused to take up the sub-
ject of national finance; a report from Canada was sub-
mitted ; a committee to prepare a platform of principles
was formed; and Congress was memorialized on the
patent laws.]
106 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
(3) Eighth Session, 1875.
Proceedings of the Eighth Session of the National Grange of the Patrons
of Husbandry, Charleston, South Carolina, Feb. 3, 1875.
[Report of Worthy Secretary (page 22) ] The mem-
bership of the entire Order has been more than doubled
since our last session. During February we reached the
highest number of Subordinate Granges organized in
any month since its foundation, viz. 2,239. During the
past five months the work of organizing has settled down
to an average of 392 Granges per month, and the work
in the Secretary's office has been so systematized that a
much smaller force of clerks is employed. The largest
number of Granges organized in any State was 1,324-
in Kentucky. The whole number organized in the U.S.
was 11,941; and the number of Deputies employed,
1,074. ■ •
[Executive Committee (pages 24-35)] ... In
pursuance of the plan adopted by your committee to
make special arrangements with manufacturers and
business firms for such articles as are in demand by the
Order, and sending a notification of the same to each
Grange by means of a confidential circular, it was soon
made manifest that an injurious publicity was given to
these circulars. Many of them never reached their des-
tination, and in all probability fell into other hands than
those for whom they were intended. . . The re-
sult could readily be foreseen ; manufacturers were soon
made aware of the fact that their private arrangements
had been made public, contrary to express agreement,
and withdrew from the bargain with feelings of dis-
trust of the Order in general, and your committee in par-
ticular. . . Your committee therefore resolved to
suspend its efforts in this direction until a proper com-
prehensive plan could be devised and set in motion. . .
The system of agencies as appointed and controlled
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 107
by Granges, is inefficient and unsatisfactory. A State
Executive Committee appoint an agent in a distant city,
and so inform their Subordinate Granges; but for want
of cash, the efforts of antagonistic interests, lack of con-
fidence, and probably more than all these, the failure to
effect combined co-operative action, the agent is not sus-
tained, and the business progress of the Order suffers
greatly in consequence. . . The necessity for estab-
lishing purchasing agencies is imperative. Subordinate
Granges all over the country demand a full development
of this branch of our work. But the question arises, how
can it best be effected? Your committee suggest that
a purchasing agent should be established by the Na-
tional Grange in each of the three commercial centres -
New York, Chicago, and New Orleans. These agents
should receive competent salaries, and be subject to the
control and supervision of the National Grange, and act
as representatives of the Order. Agents for the dispos-
ing of produce should more properly be under the con-
trol of the State Granges.
Statistical Reports. At its last session the General
Grange adopted the report of the Committee on the
Good of the Order, recommending a system of statistical
crop reports, and committed the subject to the Executive
Committee. Your committee, having carefully delib-
erated upon a system, issued 16,239 circulars to the
Subordinate Granges, advising them of the proposed
project, pointing out its mutual importance and solicit-
ing their fraternal aid and co-operation. These circu-
lars also comprised blanks to be filled with approximate
information as to the area planted in 1873, the acreage of
1874, the amount and market value of products on hand,
April 15, 1874, and contained instructions how to re-
ply to these and other inquiries relative to twenty-five of
108 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
the leading products of the United States. . . By the
first of May, 2,865 replies were received, vastly the ma-
jority of which were accompanied by lengthy epistles,
containing advice, complaints, suggestions, encourage-
ment, and caustic criticism. Granges in the extreme
north charged inconsistency, for asking about the area
of 1874 when the earth was still deeply frozen; those of
the extreme south replied that they had nothing on hand
by the fifteenth of April, and those in the vicinity of
cities complained that their specialties were ignored.
These returns were compiled and issued as a report by
the tenth of May, accompanied by a second blank con-
taining a list of forty-two marketable products, and a
separate sheet of minute instructions how to fill up the
report, with the usual post-paid and addressed return-
envelope. This blank repeated the inquiries in the for-
mer blank, with the additional inquiry as to the condition
of crops on the fifteenth of June, 1874, and each Grange
was urged not to delay their reply later than the twenty-
fifth of June, as the information to be disseminated must
be speedily compiled and promptly issued to be of any
practical benefit. . . By the first of July, 3,157 returns
were received and compiled, though many hundreds con-
tinued to drop in through that month. Very few of these
reports were concise and satisfactory. . . By the fifth
of July, the report, with additional sheets of explana-
tions and instructions, was issued to 19,152 Granges, and
replies solicited not later than the fifteenth of August.
The information asked for in this series of blanks per-
tained more particularly to the condition of crops on the
fifteenth of August, and the price of lands, whether for-
est or arable, swamp or prairie, up or low lands. By the
first of September, 2,907 returns were received and com-
piled, and a few continued to be received until the first
of October.
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 109
In this circular Granges had been requested to state,
as near as practicable, the proportion of the crops grown
by farmers who were not Patrons within their several
jurisdictions. Almost invariably the reply was made,
"We can only tell by examining the assessor's books." 1 1
had now become evident to your committee that the mass
of our Order were not yet prepared to appreciate the
value of correct crop reports. Discouraged by these un-
successful efforts, which were a heavy expense to the
National Grange, it determined to vary the method, and
submit a series of practical questions, which, if properly
answered, would convey such information as would in-
dicate whether the organization was of any real benefit
to the agriculturists of the country. Nineteen thousand,
three hundred and forty-eight sheets containing these
questions were issued with the report compiled from the
returns received by September first, and a request to
return replies by the twenty-fifth of November. To
this 3,283 replies were received, compiled, and the re-
sults mailed to 21,700 Granges. This department is ex-
pensive but its utility is apparent to all who can appre-
ciate the value of statistics as furnishing facts that will
form a basis of action. . .
Implements and Tools. By resolution your com-
mittee were instructed "to give especial attention to fur-
nishing Patrons with tools and implements for the cul-
tivation of our farms at as low a price as a legitimate
business profit will permit." In the endeavor to fulfil
the duties prescribed in this resolution, negotiations
were opened with manufacturers of farming requisites,
and with many of them terms of agreement were con-
cluded; but for reasons already mentioned further ef-
forts in that direction were abandoned and attention
specially given to secure rights to manufacture leading
no AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
implements, which would become the exclusive property
of the National Grange. . . Following up this line
of action, the following rights have been secured: the
Werner harvester, which, in competitive trials, has
proved to be equal to the best of its kind, and which can
be had at a cost of $140. A combined riding and walk-
ing cultivator, of which the Patrons in Kentucky, after
a trial last summer, say there is no better machine of its
kind. This is furnished for $25. A superior seeder that
can be sold for $40. Also, exclusive control of a sulky
spring- toothed hay rake. Cost, $25. An arrangement
has been made with the Climax Manufacturing Com-
pany for a combined self-raking reaper and mower, at
a cost of $145. Additions to these are in progress, and it
is hoped that the time is not far distant when the Order
will control a full list of all machinery required upon the
farm and plantation. . .
During the month of July last year a letter was re-
ceived from Brother Porter of Nebraska, informing
your committee of the efforts of Patrons in that state to
manufacture cultivators and headers, and that in conse-
quence of not having been able to dispose of the whole
of their manufactures, owing to the lateness of the sea-
son, they were compelled to ask temporary assistance
from the National Grange.
[Donations, ten thousand dollars to sufferers from
floods in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, and suf-
ferers from locusts in Minnesota, Nebraska, and Kan-
sas.]
Co-operative Stores. Your committee having been
instructed to devise some safe plan of cooperative stores
for the information of members of the Order, gave
prompt attention to the investigation of this subject, and
while the result of its inquiries has not been, perhaps,
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 1 1 1
sufficiently conclusive to guarantee the safety of a plan,
it has recently published a tract upon the principles and
management of cooperative stores, based upon an ex-
ample that has been in successful operation for several
years in this country. . .
[Committee on Good of the Order (page 62)] Your
Committee also had under their consideration the
resolution introduced by Bro. Davie, Ky., in relation to
the extension of patents by the U.S. government, and is
firmly impressed that unjust and high exactions are
made upon plain and simple inventions by the prolonged
continuance of letters patent, and that often the rewards
of genius and invention are without corresponding bene-
fits to the public. Thus impressed, your committee re-
spectfully return the resolutions and ask their adoption,
and ask to be discharged from the further consideration
of the same. [Adopted.]
[Committee on the Executive Committee's report
(page 70)] . . . Resolved: that the Executive
Committee, or other agents with whom is entrusted the
business affairs of the Order shall withhold the name of
the manufacturer or business house from all circulars
containing price lists, that may be issued from their sev-
eral offices; but that price lists containing the name of a
manufacturer or business house, may be sent to Masters
of State Granges and their appointed business agents,
and to no other person. [Adopted.]
Your committee approve of the suggestions made by
the Executive Committee on the subject of implements
and tools, and recommend their adoption. [Adopted.]
[Committee on Transportation (pages 85, 86) ] Your
committee . . . express it as the sense of this body
that the time has fully come when it is the mission, pre-
rogative, and duty of the government to take such meas-
112 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
ures as will encourage the productive interests of the
nation. The products of the forest, field and mine form
a large portion of the aggregate wealth of the country.
While the government should neglect no other interest,
yet we are of the opinion that the productive industries
have hitherto received too little attention, and we urge
upon our representatives in Congress, the immediate, im-
portant and vital necessity of such action on their part
as will look to providing cheap and rapid means of trans-
portation between all sections of the country and to the
markets of the world. There is one measure however
of such immediate and pressing necessity that your com-
mittee feel compelled to allude to it, viz. the opening of
the mouth of the Mississippi River. In view of the fact
that so large a territory is dependent on this outlet for its
products, we urge upon our legislators the necessity of
taking such measures as will open this river to the com-
merce of the world at the earliest possible moment.
Adopted.
The Committee on the Good of the Order reported,
recommending the general government to extend such
aid to the work of strengthening and re-building the
levees of the Mississippi River, as is consistent with na-
tional prosperity, etc. Adopted.
[Committee on Resolutions (pages 86-87)] • • •
Your committee have viewed with great interest the ex-
pressions of approval and the appeals to Congress to
forward this great work [Texas Pacific Railroad] em-
anating from State Granges and Boards of Trade from
the Pacific to the Atlantic, and are impressed with the
great obvious benefits which would result to this whole
nation by the speedy completion of this road. And as
it is an enterprise too vast to depend alone for its success
upon private capital, equal justice to all sections of our
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 1 13
common country requires the aid of the national govern-
ment to forward this work under proper restrictions and
safeguards insuring the government against loss, and the
people against unjust impositions and discriminations.
Your committee therefore submit the following resolu-
tion:
That this National Grange earnestly invites the atten-
tion of Congress to the necessity of a speedy completion
of the Texas Pacific Railroad, and asks of that body, rea-
sonable aid to the company which has inaugurated this
great national enterprise, under such cautionary restric-
tions and safeguards as the prudence and wisdom of
Congress may devise, to guarantee the government
against loss, and protect the agricultural interests of
every section of the country against unjust discrimina-
tions in the price of transportation. Adopted.
[Committee on Commercial Relations (pages 89-
90)] Your Committee on Commercial Relations thor-
oughly realizing the vital importance of a more economi-
cal commerce both between the western and southeastern
sections of the Union as well as of a more economical
system of international commerce between the producers
of America and the consumers of Europe, than now ex-
ist via New York and Liverpool, ask to make the fol-
lowing report: that the House of Representatives' Bill
No. 3,656, introduced by the Hon. Geo. W. McCrary of
Iowa, in the 43d Congress, last session, asking that a
company, to be styled the Eastern and Western Trans-
portation Company, be incorporated, subject to the laws
of the several states, in which said corporation shall
operate its line of road and telegraphic wires, seems to
lay out a plan and route from which much good may be
achieved, in reducing not only the distance to deep
water on the coast of South Carolina and Georgia, but
ii4 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
materially the cost of transporting the bulky and heavy
crops of the Mississippi and Missouri valleys to Euro-
pean and South American consumers. As the bill grants
no subsidy or land except a right of way two hundred
and ten feet wide, and as the measure contemplates doing
what is so sorely needed by the people of this country
viz. making the road a public highway and post-road,
we respectfully recommend that your body commend
the memorial of the "Eastern and Western Transporta-
tion Company," praying that the H. R. Bill 3,656 in-
corporating said company be enacted. This company
is applying to the several states interested, for concurrent
acts of incorporation, and for the grant of the necessary
right of way, and privileges, under proper stipulations.
We therefore commend to the attention of this body,
these subsidiary acts, and ask that the local aid necessary
to secure proper legislation be afforded, by the frater-
nity residing in the several states directly interested.
[Yeas and nays demanded; adopted, twenty-one to
eleven.]
(4) Ninth Session, 1875
Proceedings of the Ninth Session of the National Grange of the Patrons
of Husbandry, Louisville, Kentucky, November 17, 1875.
[Secretary's Report (pages 16-17)] . . . It [the
grange] is the leader of modern associations in admitting
old and young of both sexes. The Masonic Order, con-
sisting of blue lodges, chapters, commanderies, and other
branches of its organization, numbers twelve thousand
nine hundred and thirty bodies on the entire globe; the
Odd Fellows number seven thousand and fifty-one
lodges, encampments, etc., giving a total of nineteen
thousand nine hundred and eighty-one in the whole
world; and those Orders have existed for centuries;
while at the outside we have but eight years' growth,
and have issued twenty-four thousand two hundred and
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 1 1 5
ninety charters, confined to the United States alone. We
stand far in the lead of any other association. . .
During the three years past there have been upward of
three thousand deputies at work reporting directly to
our office. . . State secretaries this year report a
total paying membership of seven hundred and sixty-
two thousand two hundred and sixty-three, while the in-
crease of new Granges for the past month has been
ninety-two. . . How much of the resources of the
National Grange have been spent during the past three
years in diffusing knowledge? Are we not losing sight
of our ultimate object? Co-operation in buying and
selling seems to absorb the attention to the exclusion of
every thing else. Ought we not as representatives of
this grand body of American farmers do more toward
the education of the people by means of tracts and com-
petent lectures?
[Executive Committee (pages 19-22)] . . . We
find many of our grange agents doing business on the
usual commission system, differing in nothing from or-
dinary commission merchants, except perhaps in some
instances at a slightly less commission; that in general
there is no co-operation among these agencies, but on
the contrary the usual jealousy which obtains among
rivals, which is contrary to the genius of our institution,
and its consequences very damaging to our Order.
We submit that the commission system applied to
our Order is false in theory, unjust to our members (as
no distinction is made so far as we are informed be-
tween the members and those not members), and that
under this system, instead of building up our Order, we
are building up commission merchants under our aus-
pices, perhaps to assert their independence of us when-
ever it may suit their interest or convenience. Where
n6 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
the agents are receiving a stated salary from the treas-
urers of the State Granges, we find they are doing more
and better, and have the confidence of our members to
a much greater extent. . .
The disposition among our members to inaugurate
manufactories and to increase the products of the soil,
the forest, and the mine, in the different sections of our
country is well known. The wisdom of such a policy is
evident. To facilitate the progress of such worthy en-
terprises we have employed much of our time in visiting
the machine-works and mill-works of New England and
other sections of the country, obtaining estimates of the
cost of machines for such manufactories as we know
are suited to our people and desired by them, valuable
statistics in this connection; making terms for mill and
other machinery, as we have heretofore done for farm-
ing implements; negotiating with skilled mechanics,
operative artisans; presenting to capitalists in the east
information of the great undeveloped resources of the
west and south, inviting them to at least "come and
see." . .
[Following is the first murmur of what is to-day the
inspiration of the really large farmers' organizations:]
[Page 54] The Committee on Good of the Order, to
whom was referred the preamble and resolutions [by
Montgomery County Grange No. 7, Maryland] urging
the adoption of such measures as will fix the prices of the
products of our farms, has well matured the same, and
are of the unanimous opinion that such action at this
time would be hasty, as in a large portion of our country
the crops are mortgaged to others for advances to make
the crops, and it would be a violation of good faith to
withhold the crops. Such a state of things indeed is un-
fortunate-yes, deplorable -but too true; and your com-
mittee earnestly recommend that in pitching the next
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS vrj
crop our brothers generally should so plant as to enable
them, if possible, to control their crops. When this is
done the measure suggested will be wise; and farmers,
like all others, should have something to do in fixing
the prices of these products. [Adopted.]
[Committee on Co-operation (page 141)] RESOLVED,
that the National Grange recommend that each state
appoint, through its proper authority, one general busi-
ness agent, who shall be a member of our Order. Such
agent shall give such a bond as his State Grange or its
Executive Committee may deem necessary to cover all
liabilities, and shall make such terms and negotiations
for the Patrons of his state as the interests of the Order
demand, under the direction and supervision of the
proper authority of his state. Said agent shall exchange
confidential price-lists with the business agents of other
states at least once a month, together with a statement
of the best freight-rates obtainable, as near as prac-
ticable, and shall buy and sell, or cause to be bought and
sold, for the Patrons of other states on the same terms as
for his own. [Adopted.]
[By Lang, of Texas (page 152)] RESOLVED, that it
is the sense of the National Grange that a state legisla-
ture has no power to grant vested rights of an uncondi-
tional character to individuals or corporations, to em-
power them to throttle or clog the commercial highways
of the country, and the people themselves are incapable,
as a sovereign body, of parting with the right to resume
concessions of public franchise to private corporations.
[Adopted.]
[Page 162] Whereas, all donations by Congress,
together with the expenses and support of the Federal
Government of these United States, are made up of the
contributions of all the people; and
WHEREAS, the public domain of our common country
1 1 8 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
is an inalienable heritage in which every American citi-
zen has an interest; therefore be it
RESOLVED, that neither money nor lands belonging to
the people can, in equity or of right, be appropriated by
Congress to aid private speculations, either of individ-
uals or corporations, without reserving the right of con-
trol over the same.
Resolved, that the Congress of the United States be
and it is hereby requested to pass a law at the next session
thereof, affirming the right of the several states to reg-
ulate the rates of freights and fares on railroads.
[Adopted.]
(5) Tenth Session 1876.
Proceedings of the Tenth Session of the National Grange of the Patrons
of Husbandry, Chicago, Illinois, November 15 1876. In the effort to
exclude politics the Grange gradually returned to the original objects
of a social and educational society. Political questions were taken up
by the Farmers' Alliance. The Grange also abandoned much of its
business activities; most of its agencies failed; only a few stores sur-
vived ; and it did not attempt to regulate prices.
[Secretary's Report] . . . The tables show as
follows: Eight hundred and eighty-five new Granges
have been organized during the past fiscal year, and
24,800 since the origin of the Order. Of this number
650 have surrendered their charters. Five hundred and
fifty have had their charters revoked at the National
office. Seven thousand are known to be delinquent in
payment of dues to their respective State Granges for
one quarter or more. Eight hundred have consolidated
with other Granges. Leaving 15,800 paying Sub-
ordinate Granges, and a total paying membership of
550,000 in the United States. This shows an apparent
diminution of numbers since last year; but it must be
remembered we then counted all, whether active or dor-
mant, paying or delinquent. The Order is without
doubt stronger than twelve months ago. The useless
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 1 19
and inactive members have retired, and today we count
in round numbers 550,000 men and women, a paying
membership, ready to assist you in whatever good work
your wisdom may design.
[By Bro. Davie, Ky. (pages 23-24)] WHEREAS,
it is universally admitted by all men that agriculture is
the true basis of individual and national prosperity;
therefore, its due encouragement should enlist the sym-
pathies and endeavors of every citizen of every class;
and, whereas, the agricultural masses compose at least
one half of the population of the free states of America,
upon whom ultimately rest the taxes which sustain the
government; and, whereas, the political affairs of the
government for a hundred years past have from the very
nature of things been chiefly in the hands of the pro-
fessional, manufacturing, and mercantile classes, which
always have, do now, and will always in future look
wisely to their special interests, in adjusting govern-
mental burdens, or securing the tender regard of the
government towards themselves, and, whereas, it is the
duty of wise and just legislators to see that the blessings
and burdens of government are shed or laid with im-
partial rule upon all classes alike; and, claiming for
ourselves no more than the happiness, wealth, and gen-
eral prosperity of every citizen, we seek to share in the
due and proper encouragement of American agricul-
ture; therefore,
RESOLVED, that American agriculturists demand that
they shall be recognized as a real factor in this govern-
ment by the establishment of a bureau of agriculture, to
be presided over by a cabinet officer, who shall organize
the same upon a plan to be devised by the wisdom of
Congress, which shall embrace to the fullest the agricul-
tural interests of 20,000,000 of the people, and whose
120 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
counsel and advice shall have due weight accordingly to
the same on matters affecting the agricultural people and
also our public affairs generally.
RESOLVED, that we unite as agriculturists in one com-
mon cause to secure this object from Congress and the
Chief Executive without regard to political affiliation,
and that the Executive Committee are hereby instructed
to send this preamble and resolutions to each member of
the Congress of the United States, and that each State
Grange prepare and sign petitions setting forth our de-
sires for the accomplishment of this object as the very
highest that can engage our common endeavors; and we
do hereby earnestly call upon every Grange in the
United States to give us their assistance, and every
farmer and planter not a Granger, to give his aid; and
furthermore, that the Executive Committee shall com-
municate this preamble and resolutions to every State
Grange, and solicit the co-operation of every Grange in
the United States, and that of every farmer and planter
throughout the land, in such form and manner as to
them may seem best calculated to attain the object set
forth herein. [Adopted.]
[Committee on Education (pages 106-108)] . . .
What do we see on looking around us? Richly endowed
ancient colleges for men to learn the use of their minds,
but not of their bodies -where they may learn to be-
come lawyers, doctors, ministers, professors of every
thing in which the use of the hands is ignored, and
where, moreover, they learn to despise bodily exertion
and those who "earn their bread by the sweat of the
brow." The wants of the city have raised commercial
schools, academies of music and of art. . . Fourteen
years ago, Congress decided upon and perfected a plan
for the establishment of an agricultural college in each
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS m
state. Since that time, some of the states have established
agricultural colleges as separate and distinct schools,
while others have united their funds with other schools,
or universities, and made the agricultural feature more
or less subordinate to the demands of other branches of
knowledge.
More or less success has attended these schools, but it
is the opinion of your committee that the farmers of our
country have not taken that interest in those schools, or
given them that support, which they needed to make
them serve the important ends for which they were
established.
We, therefore, recommend to this National Grange
that the question of agricultural colleges be fully dis-
cussed at this meeting, in order that we may learn our
duty to these schools, and, through the State and Sub-
ordinate Granges, call the attention of the farmers of
the country to their importance.
In connection therewith we offer the following res-
olutions:
WHEREAS, the proper education of our children is a
matter of the greatest consequence to us as citizens; and,
whereas, the development of the sciences underlying
agriculture, and the thorough instruction of our people
in the best practical methods of cultivating, saving, and
marketing our several foreign products, is of the greatest
importance to us as farmers; and, whereas, the Congress
of the United States did, in the year 1862, make a dona-
tion of lands for the founding of colleges for instruction
in the science and in the practice of agriculture; there-
fore,
RESOLVED, that this Grange, the national head of the
great organization of farmers, do appoint a standing
committee of three members, to be composed of the
122 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
Worthy Master and two members, to be called a Com-
mittee on Education, whose duty it shall be to inquire
into the use made of the donations of Congress, above
named, in the several states, to inquire what colleges
have been established under the said act, what donations
have been made to said colleges other than the donations
of Congress, and what success they have attained in the
prosecution of the work proposed to them in the law
creating them, and, in general, to look over the whole
ground of agricultural education and to report to this
body, at its next session, what has been done and what
ought to be done.
RESOLVED, that the several State Granges be requested
to appoint committees to consider these matters in their
own states and to co-operate with the committee of this
body proposed by these resolutions. . . [Adopted.]
[By Ryland] RESOLVED, that it is the sense of the
National Grange, representing the great farming class
in the United States, that the agricultural colleges ought
to be under the exclusive control of the farmers of the
country, and that it is evident from the experience of the
past that these colleges ought to be, as far as possible,
separate and distinct schools, where science, as applied
to agriculture, may be taught to farmers' children, fit-
ting them for the high calling of farmers. [Adopted.]
[Executive Committee (pages 109-111)] . . .
During the past year in some sections lukewarmness has
prevailed; in others, irregularities from an improper
appreciation of the scope and philosophy of our Order
have crept into our ranks, and discouraged rather than
encouraged our members; but in many sections of the
Union the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry is estab-
lished upon a basis so permanent and practical that your
committee are warranted in giving hopeful assurance of
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 123
our future. . . Your committee have had published
and distributed several thousand copies of the co-opera-
tive rules adopted at the last session of the National
Grange, and recommend that additional thousands be
printed for gratuitous distribution among the Subordi-
nate Granges. . . There is at present no system of
co-operation at all in practice by our Order. State
Agents are appointed, and as soon as their business shows
expansion they yearn for an immense capital wherewith
to control the markets. Stores are established upon a
purely joint stock basis, and at once they are or claim to
be "co-operative." This is all irregular, and it is mere
haphazard if either the agents or the stores are success-
ful.
[Committee on Cooperation (pages 152-154)] . . .
Your Committee on Co-operation have had under con-
sideration the following petitions referred to them on
the subject of establishing Wool and Tobacco De-
pots. . . Your committee instruct me to report: that
while it would afford us the greatest pleasure to be able
to recommend a plan that the National Grange could
adopt that would meet the wishes of our brethren and
give them all desired relief, as yet we are not able to see
a practical solution of the important subjects under our
present system. We learn from our Bro. Blanton, of
Virginia, that the Patrons of that state have a Tobacco
Warehouse at Richmond under their own control, man-
aged solely by Patrons of thei r own selection, under thei r
own regulations, and where all Patrons who choose may
send their tobacco- without regard to state lines-and that
this arrangement is eminently satisfactory to all parties.
Even the inspectors are members of our Order; rates arc
fixed by Executive Committee of State Grange; tobacco
sold by Grange Agent; fees for inspection, sixty-five
124 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
cents per hogshead; for packages under five hundred
pounds, thirty-seven and one-half cents; storage per
hogshead, one dollar, outage, fifty cents, paid by pur-
chaser; drayage, twenty cents per package ; commissions
for selling, two per cent. State Grange Hall in same
building; Secretary's and Business Manager's Office, ex-
hibition rooms for agricultural implements, also in
same building. This only lacks one thing of being a
model of perfection -that of applying the true co-opera-
tive principle. We suggest that the Patrons contiguous
to other important tobacco centers take measures to
adopt the same plan, but on the co-operative principle of
dividing net profits among the customers of the estab-
lishment. We know of no reason why those Patrons in-
terested in the wool product should not adopt the same
plan, or, what would be better, the same plan on the co-
operative principle. [Approved.]
[Pages 159-160] The Committee on the Good of the
Order have had under consideration the preamble and
resolutions offered by Bro. Osborn, of Wis., to wit:
WHEREAS, there are certain objects which are regard-
ed by the members of this Order as essential to their ma-
terial interests, among which are the following, to wit:
1 st. A Department of Agriculture in the National
Government, the head of which should be a member of
the Cabinet.
2d. The enactment of laws providing for a reduction
of the legal rate of interest on money.
3d. The enactment of laws providing for the improve-
ment of natural water-channels.
4th. For the improvement of our patent laws.
5th. For the security of depositors in banks.
6th. For equality of taxation.
7th. For equitable regulations controlling railroad
management. And
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 125
WHEREAS, such objects can not be attained unless fa-
vorable legislation be had from our National Congress.
And
WHEREAS, to secure such especial attention from the
lawful representatives of the people it has become neces-
sary that earnest demands be made upon them by their
constituents. Therefore be it
RESOLVED, that, in order to secure practical results
in the direction indicated, the following course of action,
intended to develop the latent power of our Order for
such purposes, be recommended by this body, to wit:
Forms of petition to Congress for any purpose, or
purposes, he may select, shall, from time to time, be
drawn up by the Master of this National Grange, and
a copy thereof sent by him to the Master of each State
Grange, who, thereupon, will see that copies thereof be
circulated through the Granges of his state and returned
to him for the purpose of being forwarded, with the re-
spectful request for attention, to the Senators and Rep-
resentatives of the people of that state in the National
Congress.
That subsequent thereto, and repeatedly, and as often
as the Master of the National Grange shall deem bene-
ficial, he will draw up a form of circular letter, to be ad-
dressed to the United States Senators and members of
Congress, requesting a report of progress in the desired
legislation, and urging the necessity of action; such
form of circular letter to be sent to the Master of each
State Grange throughout the country, with the request
that, upon a certain day fixed by him (the Master of
the National Grange), copies thereof be forwarded to
the Senators and Representatives in Congress from his
state; and, furthermore, that we, through our Subor-
dinate, County, and State Granges, urge prompt recogni-
tion of our demands, by either favorable or unfavorable
126 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
responses to our petitions, on the part of our public rep-
resentatives.
And would report that the first section thereof, in re-
lation to the establishment of a Department of Agricul-
ture, has already been reported on by your committee and
wisely acted on by the Grange, and recommend that the
remainder of the resolutions do pass. [Adopted.]
(6) Eleventh Session, 1877.
Proceedings of the Eleventh Session of the National Grange of the
Patrons of Husbandry, Cincinnati, Ohio, November 21, 1877.
[Executive Committee (page 17)] During the past
fiscal year your Committee have had an opportunity of
examining, and have made much inquiry and investiga-
tion into the system of agencies adopted by the several
states, and are warranted in their judgment in advising
the discontinuance of any one now in existence. Honest
competition is what we want, but not as commission-
houses. There have been more failures than successes
with our Grange agencies, and how long the successful
few are able to maintain themselves is unknown to those
who patronize them. Were they established upon the
principles embodied in the rules promulgated two years
ago by the National Grange, every customer would pos-
sess some tangible evidence of their efficiency, and to that
extent would their permanency and solvency be beyond
question. Your committee would recommend to the
National Grange that they use every effort to encourage
among Patrons the establishment of retail and wholesale
stores upon the strictest principles of co-operation, and
discourage the building up of commissioned or salaried
agencies. . .
[Secretary's Report (page 36)] While it was very
agreeable to see our Order spread rapidly, and every ef-
fort was encouraged to make it the largest society that
ever existed on this continent, and it still holds that rank,
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 127
yet wc must acknowledge there was a premature growth.
Deputies had not been properly schooled, and their work
was hastily performed. A ready speaker had but to de-
liver one address, and he immediately at the same meet-
ing organized a Grange. The next evening he instituted
another in an adjoining town, and so on. Sometimes two
to four applications received at my office have borne the
same date. We all know that such work must be im-
perfect. . . Deputies were allowed full liberty, and
in their speeches made promises as to what the Order
would do, totally unwarranted. Now it becomes our
duty to do all we can legitimately to reduce our num-
bers, by consolidation, revoking of charters, and solicit-
ing the surrender of the feeble ones, until we can get in
each state a suitable number of good, solid Granges, and
commence work fresh on a solid and permanent founda-
tion.
[By Bro. Chambers of Alabama (page 69] The Na-
tional Grange, representing as it does the agricultural
sentiment of every part of the United States, without in-
tending to infringe that feature of its organic law which
forbids the discussion within its fold of any questions of
party politics, believes it to be not only its privilege, but
its duty to give expression to the universal voice of its
membership in condemnation of all such legislation,
either on the part of the general or state governments, as
tends to the injury of the great productive industries of
the country. In this spirit, and with no purpose to take
part in the partizan politics of the country, we do hereby
declare our disapprobation of the law demonetizing sil-
ver, and committing the government arbitrarily to any
fixed day in the future for resumption of specie pay-
ments; and do therefore hereby express our sympathy
with the efforts now being made in the Congress of the
128 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
United States for the repeal of these obnoxious meas-
ures. [Referred to the Committee on Resolutions, rec-
ommended for indefinite postponement, but the Grange
rejected the recommendation, by yeas 18, nays 30; and
adopted the declaration offered by Chambers by votes
of 34 to 9 on the previous question and 30 to 14 on the
main question.]
[Resolutions adopted: patent laws; memorializing
Congress on deepening the Gulf ports, on postal treaties
with Mexico and South American States, and on De-
partment of Agriculture ; favoring ship canal connect-
ing Lake Erie and Lake Michigan.]
(7) Twelfth Session, 1878.
Proceedings of the Twelfth Session of the National Grange of the Patrons
of Husbandry, Richmond, Virginia, November 20, 1878.
[By Bro. Darden of Mississippi (pages 71, 72) ] We,
the members of the National Grange, desiring to define
the precise objects of the Order of Patrons of Husband-
ry, and place them before the membership of the Order
throughout the Union, do hereby set forth the following
propositions with our distinct declaration of purpose re-
lating thereto.
The industry upon which our Order is based, is agri-
culture-the most important of all industries -the foun-
dation and support of all others -the true basis of all
our national prosperity. We have observed the condi-
tion of our people, and viewed with alarm the encroach-
ments upon their natural rights. While agriculture is
the chief source of wealth, and therefore deserving at
least equal recognition with other avocations, it is de-
prived of its just rewards, and oppressed by methods of
law. It is made to bear grievous burdens not its own.
It is compelled to pay taxes which an equitable distribu-
tion would place elsewhere. It is forced, by wicked com-
binations, to submit to hurtful discriminations against
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 129
its products, both in transportation and in the marts of
sale. Its votaries have been and are now denied that
consideration in public affairs to which the magnitude
and the importance of their calling entitle them.
The laws of the nation and of the several states are so
framed as to divert from our great industry the rewards
which are the incentives to toil, and our earnest remon-
strance against their injustice spurned.
In view of these truths, we are bound, in defence of
our manhood, to assert our rights, and we therefore de-
clare our unalterable purpose to emancipate agriculture
from the burdens unjustly heaped upon it; and the
means by which we shall seek to secure the desirable
ends-
ist. We shall strive earnestly within and without our
Order to extend the benefits of education, which shall
comprise knowledge of public affairs and the methods
of self-government.
2d. We shall demand, by our ballots, admission in the
legislatures of the several states, and in both houses of the
National Congress, for representatives of agriculture,
chosen directly from its votaries, as the only means of
relief.
3d. We shall accord to other industries all the rights,
privileges and immunities which we claim for our own,
and join with their representatives in earnest endeavors
to impress upon the governments of states and nation
habits of wise economy and frugality as essential to the
thrift and prosperity of all the people.
4th. We shall give constant care and attention to the
public schools, in which the youth of the nation are deep-
ly interested, limiting expenditures therefor only by
their usefulness, striving always for that higher and
practical enlightenment which should become the dis-
i3o AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
tinguishing feature of a free people. [Amended by
striking out "by our ballots," and adopted (pages 107-
108).]
[Committee on Transportation (pages 96-98)] . . .
The only possible action within the reach of agricultural
producers, so long as they are represented by other
classes in the law-making bodies of this country, state
and national, is the right of petition. The American
farmers, if organized, could, by a system of co-operative
action, attain their full share of influence, and shape the
legislation of this country; whenever they will sever
their relation with the political party organizations that
have heretofore dominated them, and send men from
their own ranks or avocation, agriculture will be re-
lieved from an unjust and oppressive share of the ex-
penditures of the government, and the American farmer
will command the influence which he, in common with
other laborers, is entitled to wield.
The right of petition is left us, and, however humili-
ating, we are forced to avail ourselves of it for the pres-
ent. The accompanying memorial to the legislatures of
the several states represented in the National Grange,
is applicable to and should be sent to the National Legis-
lature. We recommend the memorial be printed and
forwarded to the State Grange of the several states, to
be by these bodies forwarded to county and subordinate
Granges, with a view to general signature by members
of our Order, and then have them forwarded to the im-
mediate representatives in the Legislative and Congres-
sional districts.
The Honorable Senate and House of Represent-
atives of our States and National Legislatures: The
undersigned respectfully represent that the inland ave-
nues of transportation and travel arc under the control
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 131
of corporations authorized by the legislatures of the
states, and are under the management of men who have
combined, as we believe, in an unlawful manner to dis-
criminate in rates of freight to an extent that is injurious
if not destructive of the internal commerce between the
states. . .
This power to injure or destroy the labor of one class
of people, or one locality or section of the country, to
build up individual wealth must come to an end. All
classes engaged in the labor of producing are joined in
this memorial and respectfully ask of our legislatures
and the Congress of the United States to enact general
laws, prohibiting unjust discrimination and to regulate
the rates of freight and passage by any corporation en-
gaged in transportation of the products of labor as the
most effectual way to protect internal commerce.
On motion, the recommendation was concurred in.
[By Brother Lang, Texas (page 118)] Resolved,
by the National Grange in session assembled, that it is
contrary to the laws and purposes of the Order of Pa-
trons of Husbandry, for a Grange, either subordinate,
state, or national, to call political conventions, nominate
candidates for political office, or discuss their merits.
[Adopted.]
[Reports and communications were received on the
depressed state of the order. Resolutions adopted: de-
partment of agriculture; system of quarantine; making
manufacturers and sellers, not innocent purchasers, re-
sponsible for infringements of patent rights; instruction
in public schools on insect-eating birds and humane treat-
ment of animals; agricultural instruction in common
schools; against "casting their ballots" for candidates
"addicted to the habitual or even moderate use of intoxi-
1 32 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
eating drinks," twenty-eight to eleven on roll call;
against tax on tobacco.]
(8) Thirteenth Session, 1879.
Proceedings of the Thirteenth Session of the National Grange of the
Patrons of Husbandry, Canandaigua, New York, November io5 1879.
[Executive Committee (page 22)] . . . The
present condition of the Order is neither surprising nor
discouraging -it is simply the result of natural laws.
The membership is composed of non-associative ma-
terial. The farmer's vocation of itself tends to isolation,
which has become part of his very life, and from which
this generation will never fully recover. . .
[Committee on Transportation (pages 121 -122)] . . .
The partial relief given us by the national and state
legislatures, is accepted with thanks, as the result of
petition. There is, however, no substantial relief to
the over-burdened farmers of America, in any action
thus far conceded by the legislative authorities of our
government. Thirteen years' experience and associa-
tion in the Grange has satisfied the American farmers,
whom we represent, that their grievances will never be
removed until farmers are elected as representatives to
the law-making bodies of our states, and to the national
legislatures, in such numbers as will constitute those
bodies with a fair share of our people. . . To this
end we recommend farmers to make such alliance, when-
ever representatives to the state legislatures or to the
national legislature are to be chosen, as will enable
them by their votes to elect from their own number an
even handed, fair share of representatives. Acting to-
gether to accomplish this grand purpose is no violation
of their obligation as members of our Order. The as-
sumption of this constitutional right is but the assertion
of our manhood, and we cannot longer be dominated
by party associations which deny us our equality, or sup-
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 133
port a partizan press that ignores the association of
American farmers. [Adopted (page 145.)]
V. E. Piollet, Wm. G. Wayne, A. R. Shipley,
A. P. Forsyth, Wm. W. Lang, Committee.
[Pages 123-125] Your Special Committee, raised
"to take into consideration the state and condition of
American agriculture, and to report such measures and
policies as in their judgment will tend to afford relief
from the weights, hindrances and difficulties that may
beset it, and to suggest such methods as will restore to
American farmers greater prosperity and promote their
political and material welfare," have given the subject
such consideration as opportunity and circumstances al-
lowed, and present the following report. . . American
farming is growing less profitable and less encouraging.
In a country possessingso many facilities of cheap pro-
duction this discouraging aspect of agriculture must be
and is the result of other than natural causes. The an-
nual additions of wealth under the enlightened system
of agriculture are enormous, but from the unequal di-
visions of the profits of labor and the unjust discrimina-
tions made against it, the enlistments of property show
that the farmers of the United States are not prospering.
While it is rapidly extinguishing all debts and restoring
an equilibrium to the currency of the country, its vo-
taries are deprived of a just share of the rewards of their
toil. Capital concentrates to make corners and form
rings to fix prices. Transportation companies are al-
lowed to make and unmake prices at will by their unjust
and discriminating tariffs and freights. Subsidies and
tariffs are created to protect other industries to the preju-
dice of agriculture. Commerce is shackled. American
productions are denied the markets of the world through
partial and restrictive laws. Agricultural property is
i34 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
made to bear an unequal and undue proportion of taxa-
tion to afford exemptions and privileges to other in-
dustries. Monopolies are permitted to assume power
and control and exercise prerogatives and privileges
justly belonging to sovereignty. Encouraged by legisla-
tion and stimulated by power, they have grown dictato-
rial and imperious in their demands, unrelenting in their
exactions, and cruel and unmerciful in their impositions.
Society has become extravagant and is now a heedless
spendthrift of the painful earnings of labor. Govern-
ment has become proud and autocratic, while her toiling
laborers are humiliated in their poverty. States are
lavish and prodigal with the people's money. Cities
and towns grow rich at the expense and impoverishment
of the country. Laws are ingeniously formulated to
make justice tardy and thus tend to encourage crime and
disorder. In view of the well-established fact that the
productive industries must bear the burdens of society,
chief among which is agriculture, the natural nursing
mother of all the occupations, trades, and professions of
our people, it is found that it is over-taxed and over-
burdened with unnecessary, unjust, unequal, and fla-
grant impositions, that a just sense of right would trans-
fer to where they justly belong. The farmers of Ameri-
ca have on all occasions shown themselves to be a pa-
tient and enduring people, and further submission to
wrong and injustice will be a sacrifice of manhood and
exhibition of cowardice. Stirred with a just sense of
right and supported by the integrity of our purpose, the
National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, in the
name and interests of the farmers of the United States,
sternly demand -
ist. That the Department of Agriculture shall be
made an Executive Department, and the Commissioner
a Cabinet officer.
ten] FARMERS' ORGANIZATIONS 135
2d. That the Agricultural Department shall be sus-
tained and supported by annual appropriations com-
mensurate with the importance of the great and per-
manent industry it represents.
3d. That commercial treaties shall be made with all
foreign countries, giving to American products equal
and unrestricted intercourse with the markets of the
world.
4th. That governments be administered in a cheaper
and simpler manner, consonant with the conditions of
the people.
5th. That a more rigid economy in the expenditures
of public moneys be re-established.
6th. That the laws shall be plain and simple, to the
end that justice shall be speedy, crime punished, and
good government maintained.
7th. That the creation or allowing of monopolies to
exist is in violation of the spirit and genius of free re-
publican government.
8th. That the tariffs of freight and fare over railroads
and all transportation companies shall be regulated, and
all unjust discriminations inhibited by law.
9th. That taxation shall be equal and uniform, and
all values made to contribute their just proportion to the
support of the government.
10th. That the revenue laws of the United States shall
be so adjusted as to bear equally upon all classes of
property, to the end that agriculture shall be relieved of
the disproportion of burdens it bears.
nth. That the patent laws of the United States be so
revised that innocent purchasers of patent rights shall
be protected, and fraudulent venders alone held re-
sponsible for infringements of rights and violations of
law.
1 2th. That a system of elementary agricultural edu-
136 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
cation shall be adopted in the common schools of the
country.
13th. That we are entitled to and should have a fair
representation in the legislative halls of the country,
chosen from the ranks of the farmers.
Emphatically asserting our unalterable determination
to support and maintain these principles, we demand
that they shall be incorporated in the laws of the coun-
try for the protection of American agriculture, and in-
voke the aid of the farmers of the United States in their
support, regardless of party affiliations and party man-
dates. To follow the dictation of partizan influences
whilst our earnings are spirited away, and our families
beggared, is a degradation and sacrifice that cannot
longer be endured.
With manly dignity we boldly declare our rights and
interests, and with unwavering devotion will maintain
and defend them on all occasions, and this warning is
defiantly thrown to the world. [Adopted (page 145).]
W. W. Lang, V. E. Piollet, D. T. Chase,
T. H. Harwell, A. B. Franklin, Committee.
FINDING LIST OF SOURCES QUOTED
[Sources easily available have been omitted
from this list]
GUIDE TO LIBRARIES AND ABBREVIA-
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Amherst
Boston Ath.
Boston Pub.
Bowdoin
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Brown
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Cin'ti Pub.
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I.H.S.
Inc.
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Incomplete
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140
AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
[Vol.
J.C.
J.C.B.
K.H.S.
L.C.
Lib. Co. of Phila.
L.S. Jr.
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University of Michigan Library, Ann Arbor,
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phia, Pa.
ten]
FINDING LIST OF SOURCES QUOTED
»4i
U. of T. University of Tennessee Library, Knox vi lie,
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U. of W. University of Wisconsin Library, Madison,
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Va. State Virginia State Library, Richmond, Va.
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i44 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
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inc.
Independent Chronicle and Universal Advertiser (Boston) : W.H.S.,
Oct., 1777-1839, inc.; Harvard, 1776-1819, inc.; Essex Inst., 1776-
1817, inc.; L.C., Oct. 3, 1776-May 29, 1817, inc.; N.Y.H.S.,
1777-1809, inc.; Yale, April 3, 1777-Dec. 28, 1809, inc.; N.Y.
State, 1776-1807, inc.; N.Y. Pub., Sept. 19, 1776-Dec., 1802, inc.;
Boston Pub., Nov. 7, 1776-Dec. 31, 1801, inc.; Pa. H.S., 1776-
1797, inc.; Lib. Co. of Phila., 1795-1796, inc.
Kentucky Gazette and General Advertiser (Lexington): Public Li-
brary, Lexington, Kentucky, complete; Harvard, 1796-1813, inc.;
L.C., March I, 1788-Nov. 27, 1841, inc.; Lib. Co. of Phila., 1795-
1796, 2onos.; W.H.S., Nov., 1787-Nov., 1788, and 1812-1814, inc.
Kentucky Reporter (Lexington): Am. Antiq. Soc., 1808- 1830, inc.;
L.C., May 14, 1808-July 27, 1832, inc.; W.H.S., 1813-1814 ;
N.Y. Pub., 1821-1825, inc.
Knoxville [Tenn.] Register: U. of T.; L.C., Feb. 3, 18 18- Nov. 30,
1864, inc.; Am. Antiq. Soc., scattered nos.
Labor Standard (Paterson, N.J.) : N.Y. Pub., 1878-1895, inc.;
W.H.S., scattered nos.
LaFourche Gazette, The (Donaldson, La.): L.C., Jan. 8, 1826-
July 2, 1 83 1, inc.
Liberator, The (Boston) : Boston Pub., Cornell, N.Y. Pub., Pa. H.S.,
Am. Antiq. Soc., Boston Ath., L.C., Lib. Co. of Phila., complete
files; Harvard, few numbers lacking; W.H.S., 1831-1865, inc.;
Essex Inst., 1 831- 1865, inc.; Oberlin, 183 1-1863, inc.; Newberry,
146 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
1833-1865, inc.; U. of C, 1835-1865, inc.; Buffalo Pub., 1839-
1865, inc.; Lynn Pub., 1839-1865, inc.; Worcester Pub., 1839-
1865, inc.; U. of I., 1840-1865, inc.; L.S. Jr., 18501865, inc.
Louisiana Gazette (New Orleans) : N.O. Archives; L.C., April 25,
1822-Dec. 7, 1826, inc.
Louisiana Journal (St. Francisville, La.) : L.C., Feb. 5, 1824-June
21, 1828, inc.
Lynchburg [Va.] Virginian: L.C., Sept. 3, 1822-June 30, 1865, inc.;
W.H.S., 1873-1880, inc.
[Madison, Wis.] Daily Argus and Democrat: W.H.S., July, 1852-
June, 1859, inc.
Man, The (Boston): N.Y.H.S., Nos. 1-74, complete; N.Y., Pub.
Feb. 18, 1834-March 30, 1835, inc.; L.C.; Work. Inst., 1834;
Seligman, nos. 1-15.
Mechanics' Free Press (Philadelphia): Pa. H.S., April 21, 1828-
April 23, 1831; Mer. Phila., April 12, 1828-Dec. 25, 1830; Lib.
Co. of Phila., 1830.
Mechanics' Gazette (New York) : N.Y.H.S., April 26, 1823-June
4, 1823, inc.
Mechanic's Mirror (Albany) : N.Y. State, Nov., 1846-April, 1847,
13 nos.; N.Y.H.S., Jan.- Nov., 1846; Columbia, vol. i, inc.; Selig-
man, 1846; L.C., April -Nov., 1846.
Memphis [Tenn.] Daily Avalanche, The: L.C., Jan. 12, 1856-Nov.
8, 1890, inc.
Milwaukee Daily Sentinel and Gazette: W.H.S., 1838-date, inc.;
L.C., March 11, 1850-date, inc.; Newberry, 1863-1865, inc.
Missouri Democrat, The (St. Louis) : St. Louis Public Library; L.C.,
Oct. 13, 1852-May 19, 1875, inc.; Am. Antiq. Soc, March 19,
1859-June 4, 1875, inc.; Boston Ath., 1863-1873.
Moniteur de la Louisiane (New Orleans) : N.O. Archives.
National Anti-Slavery Standard, The (New York) : W.H.S., 1841-
1854, inc.
National Gazette, The (Philadelphia) : Am. Antiq. Soc, 1791-1838;
Harvard, 1791-1823, inc.; N.Y. Pub., Aug., 1792-Aug., 1835,
inc.; L.C., April 5, 1820-May 28, 1839, inc.; N.Y. State, 1823-
1841 ; Pa. H.S., 1820-1835; Boston Ath., 18201841; Springfield
C.L., 1826-1831 ; Princeton, 1832-1835; Boston Pub., April 5,
1825-Dec. 31, 1830, inc.; Yale, Oct. 3, 1791-Sept. 14, 1893, inc.;
Lib. Co. of Phila., 1 791-1793, inc.; Va. State, inc.
ten] FINDING LIST OF SOURCES QUOTED 147
National Laborer, The (Philadelphia) : L.C., March 26, 1836-March
18, 1837.
National Trades' Union (New York) : Private Library of Ely Moore,
Lawrence, Kansas.
New MoraJ World, The (New Harmony, Ind.) : Work. Inst.; Sclig-
man.
New Orleans Bee, The: Office of paper; N.O. Archives; Am. Antiq.
Soc., April 2, 1862-Aug. 12, 1863, inc.; L.C., March 5, 1836-date,
inc.; W.H.S., May-Dec., 1862, scattered not.
Orleans Commercial Advertiser, The: N.O. Archives; L.C.,
June 11, 1805-May 1, 1822, inc.; Am. Antiq. Soc., June 28, 1805-
April 28, 1818, inc.; W.H.S., April-August, 1820.
New Orleans Commercial Bulletin, The: N.O. Archives; L.C., June
1, 1833-Oct. 7, 1871, inc.; Am. Antiq. Soc., Aug. 10, 1835-Dec.
31, 1851, inc.; Boston Ath., 1869.
New Orleans Commercial Times, The: N.O. Archives.
New Orleans Picayune, The: N.O. Archives; Howard; Am. Antiq.
Soc., Dec. 21, 1840-July 22, 1886, inc.; L.C., June 20, 1842-date,
I inc.; Chicago Pub., Jan., 1841-Nov., 1855, inc.; K.H.S., 1841-
1846; Lynn Pub., 1840-1844; Harvard, 1849-1862, inc.; Boston
Pub., July, 1841-July, 1843, inc.; W.H.S., 1862, inc.; Boston
Ath., 1869.
ew York Daily Sentinel and Working Man's Advocate: W.R.H.S.;
N.Y. Pub., inc.; L.C., 1830, scattered nos.
ew York Daily Tribune, The: Brooklyn Pub.; N.Y. Pub., 1841-
date, inc.; N.Y. State, 1842-date, inc.; Boston Ath., 1844-date,
inc.; Yale, 1845-date, inc.; K.H.S., 1850-date, inc.; Boston Pub.,
1850-date, inc.; Oberlin, 1 851 -date; Am. Antiq. Soc., 1 841- 1898;
Cornell, 1848-1903; and other incomplete files.
New York Evening Post: N.Y. Pub., 1801-date; L.C., Nov. 16, 1801-
date, inc.; Boston Ath., 1802-date, inc.; N.Y.H.S., 1801-1866,
inc. ; N.Y. State, 1810-date, inc.; Am. Antiq. Soc., 1805-1898, inc.;
Newberry, 1817-1894, inc.; Harvard, 1795-1868, inc.; U. of M.,
1852-date, inc.; Yale, Aug. 7, 1858-Sept. 21, 1881, inc.; Provi-
dence Ath., 1804-1806; Chicago H.S., 1813-1814, inc.; Lib. Co. of
Phila., 1829-1830.
Nov York Herald: Pa. H.S., 1802-date; Brooklyn Pub.; L.C., May
6, 1837-Oct. 30, 1886, inc.; Springfield C.L., 1858- 1896; Chi-
cago H.S., 1802-1866, inc.; Princeton, 1861-date; Am. Antiq.
148 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
Soc, 1837-1885, inc.; W.H.S., Oct., 1841-1871, inc.; Cornell,
1804-1815; N.Y. Pub., 1841-1847, inc.; Lib. Co. of Phila., 1841-
1844; Providence Ath., 1859-1862; Harvard, 1851-1858, inc.;
Boston Ath., 1838-1839, 1846-1847.
New York Journal of Commerce: N.Y. Pub., 1827-date, inc.; Am.
Antiq. Soc., 1829-1894, inc.; Boston Ath., 1831-1870, inc.; L.C.,
Aug. 2, 1828-Oct. 8, 1856, inc.; L.C., 1833- 1860; Harvard, 1831-
1855, inc.; Boston Pub., April 1, 1850-Dec. 31, 1872, inc.; N.Y.
State, 1860-1863; N.Y.H.S., Sept., 1861-Dec., 1864.
[New York] Morning Courier and Enquirer: N.Y. Pub., Sept. 11,
1827-April 16, 1861, inc.; L.C., May 25, 1829-June 29, 1861,
inc.; Am. Antiq. Soc, 1833-1860, inc.; New York Society Li-
brary, New York, 1837-1846, inc.; Yale, Jan. 1, 1833-Dec. 29,
1840, inc.; Buffalo Pub., Jan., 1830-Aug., 1832; Harvard, 1856-
1857.
New York Semi-Weekly Tribune, The: Brooklyn Pub.; N.Y. Pub.,
1845-1884, inc.; Chicago Theol., 1847-1868; Chicago Pub., 1846-
1853; Detroit Pub., 1850-1877, inc.; Cornell, 1851-1862; U. of
C, i853-i86o;W.H.S., 1 850- 185 5, inc. ; and other incomplete files.
New York State Mechanic: N.Y.H.S., 1841-1843; Am. Antiq. Soc.,
1842-1843; N.Y. State, 1842-1843; L.C., Nov. 20, 1841-Nov.
12, 1842.
New York Weekly Tribune, The: Brooklyn Pub. ; N.Y. Pub., 1844-
1904; Chicago Pub., 1841-1860; Mpls. Pub., 1844-1886, inc.;
W.H.S., 1842-1863, inc.; Detroit Pub., 1841-1852, inc.; Cornell,
1841-1850; U. of C, 1849-1852, inc.; Chicago Theol., 1842-1862;
Yale, 1841-1847; Md. State, 1846-1853, inc.; Chicago H.S., 1842-
1862; Harvard, 1849-1859, inc.
Pennsylvania^ The (Philadelphia) : L.C., Jan. 1, 1833-March 30,
1861, inc.; F.L. Phila., July, 1832-1859, inc.; Lib. Co. of Phila.,
July, 1832- June, 1859, inc.; L.C., Jan. 1, 1833-May 1, 1859, inc.;
Pa. H.S., 1833-1861; Carnegie, Pittsburgh, Nov. 13, 1846-Dec.
30, 1850, inc.; Am. Antiq. Soc., 1853-1855.
People's Paper, The (Cincinnati) : N.Y.H.S., Aug., 1842-March,
1844; W.H.S., Nov., 1843-Feb., 1845, inc.
Phalanx or Journal of Social Science, The (New York) : Boston
Pub., 1843-1845; Yale, Oct. 5, 1843-May 28, 1845; L.C., Oct.
5, 1843-May 28, 1845; Seligman; J.C., vol. 1, nos. 1-23; N.Y.
Pub., 1843.
i] FINDING LIST OF SOURCES QUOTED 149
Pittsburgh Daily Commercial Journal: L.C., Oct. 9, 1845-May 29,
1853, inc.; Carnegie, Pittsburgh, April 23, 1846-April 30, 1849.
[Pittsburgh] Morning Post: Carnegie, Pittsburgh, 1842-date; L.C.,
March 7, 1845-date, inc.
'oulson's American Daily Advertiser (Philadelphia): W.H.S., com-
plete, except 1828; L.C., 1800-1839, inc.; Pa. H.S., 1800-date,
inc.; Lib. Co. of Phila., 1771-1839; N.Y.H.S., Oct. 2, 1800-July
5, 1827. inc.; U. of P., inc.; Am. Antiq. Soc., 1806-1839, inc.;
Harvard, 1800-1808, inc.; Boston Ath., 1 801-1808, inc.; Carnegie,
Pittsburgh, June-Dec., 1819.
Winter, The (New York): J.C., 1859-1875, inc.; K.H.S., May,
1858-July, 1863; W.H.S., 1859-1863, scattered nos.; N.Y. Pub.,
1858 and 1866; Cin'ti Pub., 1858; San Fr. Pub., vols. 2, 3, 5.
Public Ledger, The (Philadelphia): Lib. Co. of Phila., 1836-date,
inc.; L.C., March 25, 1836-1898, inc.; Am. Antiq. Soc., 1842-
1905, inc.; N.Y. Pub., 1836-1907, inc.; K.H.S., 1879-1902; New-
berry, 1863-1864, inc.; Pa. H.S., vol. 1, no. 1 to March 2, 1837;
Carnegie, Pittsburgh.
Radical Reformer and Working Man's Advocate (Philadelphia):
1836; Seligman, 19 nos.
'aleigh [N.C.] Register: Am. Antiq. Soc., 1800-1867, inc.; L.C.,
Feb. 10, 1801-Dcc. 18, 1846, inc.; State Library of North Caro-
lina, Raleigh, inc.; Harvard, 1805-1806, inc.
'ed River Republican, The (Alexandria, La.) : L.C., Jan. 30, 1847-
Oct. 29, 1853-
Register of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia): W.H.S., Princeton; L.S.
Jr., Chicago H.S., Carnegie, Pittsburgh, U. of C, L.C., Lib. Co.
of Phila., N.Y. Pub., complete files; Boston Ath., inc.; Chicago
Theol., 1 828-1 832.
Richmond [Va.] Enquirer: Va. State, 1804-1877, inc.; L.C., May
12, 1804-Jan. 10, 1867, inc.; N.Y. Pub., 1804-1865, inc.; Yale,
Sept., 1824-Dec., 1873, inc.; W.H.S., 1818-1865, inc.; Boston
Pub., Jan. 13, 1828-June 1, 1864, inc. ; Am. Antiq. Soc., 1 804-1844,
inc.; N.Y.H.S., Jan. 6, 1820-Dec. 9, 1864, inc.; Boston Ath.,
1817-1876, inc.; N.Y. State, 1861-1863; Harvard, 1804-1808,
1856-1865, inc.
Royal Gazette (Kingston, Jamaica): Charleston L.S. ; Bowdoin,
July, 1824-June, 1830; Lib. Co. of Phila., June, 1802-Dec., 1805;
N.Y.H.S., Sept. 23, 1780-Dec. 3, 1791, inc.
150 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
Rural Carolinian (Charleston, S.C.) : Carnegie, Pittsburgh, 1869-
1873, inc.; N.Y. Pub., Oct., 1869-May, 1873; L.C., Oct., 1869-
Sept., 1874; J.C., Oct., 1872-March, 1873.
Savannah [Ga.] Republican: U. of Ga.; Ga. Hist.; Am. Antiq. Soc,
1802-1868, inc.; L.C., June 18, 1816-Dec. 31, 1872, inc.; Boston
Ath., 1863-1895; Princeton, 1860-1865; N.Y.H.S., Aug. 8, 1861-
Jan. 13, 1865; N.Y. Pub., June 5, 1862-May 17, 1865, inc.;
Harvard, 1867-1868, inc.; Boston Pub., Jan. 3-April 26, 1865, inc.
South Carolina State Gazette (Charleston, S.C): Charleston L.S. ;
Am. Antiq. Soc., 1740-1800, inc.; Harvard, 1792-1802, inc.; Bos-
ton Pub., July 1, 1 794- June 30, 1801 ; Lib. Co. of Phila., 1795-
1796, inc.; W.H.S., scattered nos.
Southern Banner (Athens, Ga.) : Am. Antiq. Soc, 1855-1868, inc.;
U. of Ga.
Southern Watchman (Athens, Ga.) : U. of Ga.
Spirit of Seventy-Six, The (Frankfort, Ky.): W.H.S., March-Aug.,
1826; I.H.S., March 10-Aug. 4, 1826; Harvard, nos. 1-18, 1826.
Spirit of the Age (New York): N.Y.H.S., July 7, 1849-Apr. 27,
1850; L.C., July 7, 1849-Apr. 27, 1850; W.H.S., vols. 1-2, 1850;
L.C., July 7, 1849-Apr. 27, 1850; J.C., July 7, 1849-March 30,
1850; Seligman.
Springfield [Mass.] Republican: Springfield C.L., Sept., 1824-date,
inc.; Yale, Sept., 1824-Dec, 1873, inc.; L.C., Nov. 2, 1825-July
7, 1871, inc.; N.Y. Pub., Oct., 1847-Dec, 1907, inc.; Newberry,
1853-1879; Boston Ath., 1863-1895; Worcester Pub., 1866-date;
Am. Antiq. Soc, 1853-1881 ; W.H.S., 1861-1904, inc.
Tennessee Gazette and Mero District Advertiser (Nashville) : L.C.,
Jan. 7, 1801-May 1, 1805; Harvard, 1805-1806, inc.
Tennessee Herald (Shelbyville) : L.C., Dec 19, 1817-Dec 18, 1819,
inc.
Tennessee Weekly Chronicle (Clarksville) : L.C., Feb. 18, 1818-
June 7, 1819.
Texian Advocate (Victoria, Texas) : L.C., Jan. 20, 1848-Nov. 8,
1 85 1, inc.
True Workingman, The (Lynn, Mass.) : Lynn Pub., Oct. 22, 1845-
Feb. 7, 1846.
Virginia Gazette, The (Williamsburg, Va.) : Va. State, 1767-1809,
inc.; N.Y. Pub., Feb. 9, 1751-Nov. 1, 1776, inc.; W.H.S., 1775-
1780, inc.; Pa. H.S., 1 770-1 776; Yale, March-Oct., 1776, inc.;
L.C., Sept. 5, 1766-Dec 9, 1780, inc.
ten] FINDING LIST OF SOURCES QUOTED i51
Voice of Industry (Fitchburg, Mass.): Boston Pub., May 29, 1845-
Aug. 9. 1847.
Volks Tribun (New York) : W.H.S. and L.C., complete file*.
[Washington, D.C.] Daily Morning Chronicle: L.C., Nov. 3, 1862-
Jan. 22, 1877 ; Am. Antiq. Soc., June 16, 1864-May 12, 1872, inc.;
Yale, Nov. I, 1865-Feb. 29, 1872; Carnegie, Pittsburgh, Nov. II,
1867-Sept. 5, 1870.
Washingtonian (Washington, D.C.): L.C., June 7-Sept. 27, 1845.
Winchester [Va.] Gazette: Am. Antiq. Soc., 1787-1819, inc.; L.C.,
6 scattered nos.
rinya\v Intelligencer (Georgetown, S.C.) : L.C., Jan. 13, 1819-Oct.
6, 1832, inc.; Am. Antiq. Soc., 1819-1831, inc.
Working Man's Advocate (New York): L.C., Oct., 1829-March.
1845, inc. ; Seligman ; N.Y. Pub., 1830-1846, inc.; N.Y.H.S., 1830-
1832, 6 nos.; Work. Inst., Oct. 31, 1829-Aug. 14, 1830; K.H.S.,
March 30, 1844-Sept. 23, 1848, inc.
Workingman's Advocate (Chicago) : W.H.S., nearly complete; N.Y.
Pub., 1 864-1877, inc.
Working Man's Gazette, The (Woodstock, Vt.): N.Y.H.S., Dec.
n, 1830-Nov. 3, 1832, inc.; Vermont State Library, Montpelier,
1830-1831.
Young America (New York) : N.Y. Pub., March 23, 1845-March 21,
1846; N.Y. State, Jan.-June, 1856; K.H.S., Apr. 29-Sept. 23,
1848, inc.
BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS
Address delivered by Robert McFarlane before the Mechanics in the
Broadway Tabernacle, June 10, 1847 (New York, 1847): Col-
umbia ; Seligman.
Address of the National Labor Congress to the Workingmen of the
United States (Chicago, 1867): Boston Pub.; Seligman; W.H.S.
Allston, R. F. W. Essay on Sea Coast Crops (Charleston, 1854) :
Boston Ath. ; Essex Inst. ; L.C. ; W.H.S.
Annual Report of the Minister of Agriculture of the Province of
Canada, 1865 : N.Y. Pub. ; Essex Inst. ; Lib. Co. of Phila. ; Har-
vard, N.Y.H.S.; N.Y. State; W.H.S.
Ball, Charles, Narrative of Life of (Pittsburgh, 1854) : Chicago Pub.;
Springfield C.L.; Cornell; Detroit Pub.; Pratt; N.Y. Pub.; Lib.
Co. of Phila.; L.C; Newberry; U. of C; W.H.S.
152 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
Berrian, Hobart. Origin and Rise of the Workingmen's Party
(Washington, n.d.) : W.H.S. ; Boston Ath.; Harvard.
[Burn, James Dawson] Three Years among the Working Classes
of the United States during the War (London, 1863): Boston
Ath.; Boston Pub.; Brooklyn Pub.; Buffalo Pub.; Springfield
C.L.; Detroit Pub.; Pratt; Harvard; L.C.; Newberry; N.Y.H.S.;
N.Y. State ; Princeton ; U. of I.
Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, Seventh Annual
Report of, 1864- 1865: N.Y. Pub.; Brooklyn Pub.; Buffalo Pub.;
Columbia ; Essex Inst. ; Harvard ; L.C.
Finch, John, Rise and Progress of the General Trades' Union of the
City of New York, and its Vicinity, 1833: Boston Pub.; L.C;
Providence Ath.
International Workingman's Association, Report of the Fourth An-
nual Congress, 1869, English version: N.Y. Pub.; Boston Pub.;
J.C.; W.H.S.
Handbook to Lowell, 1848: Amherst; Brooklyn Pub.; Cornell; Es-
sex Inst.; Harvard; N.Y.H.S.; N.Y. State.
Hellier, Thomas. The Vain Prodigal Life and Tragical Penitent
Death of (London, 1680) : J.C.B.; N.Y. Pub.; U. of Ga.; Va.
State.
Kelley, O.H. Origin and Progress of the Order of the Patrons of
Husbandry in the United States (Philadelphia, 1875): Chicago
Pub.; Harvard; L.C; N.Y. State; Oberlin; U. of M.; W.H.S.;
Yale.
Labor Conspiracy Cases:
1806. Trial of the Boot and Shoemakers of Philadelphia, on an
Indictment for a Combination and Conspiracy to raise their
Wages : Am. Antiq. Soc. ; N.Y. Pub. ; Columbia ; Iowa U. ; Lib.
Co. of Phila. ; L.C ; N.Y.H.S. ; N.Y. State ; Pa. H.S. ; U. of C ;
U.S. Supreme Court Library, Washington, D.C
1 8 10. Trial of the Journeymen Cordwainers of the city of New
York for a Conspiracy to raise their Wages . . . (New
York, 1 8 10) : N.Y. Pub.; Boston Pub.; Boston Ath.; Harvard;
N.Y. State; N.Y.H.S.; Pa. H.S.; Providence [R.I.] Public
Library; Seligman; U. of P.
1 816. Report of the Trial of the Journeymen Cordwainers, of
the Borough of Pittsburgh, 1816: Law Institute, New York;
Law Library, City Hall, Philadelphia.
1824. Buffalo Tailors: in Buffalo Emporium.
ten] FINDING LIST OF SOURCES QUOTED 1 53
1827. Trial of Twenty- four Journeymen Tailors, charged with
conspiracy (Philadelphia, 1827): Boston Pub.; Lib. Co. of
Phila.; L.C; N.Y. Pub.; N.Y.H.S.; New York State Uw
Library, Albany; Pa. H.S. ; Seligman; University of Pennsyl-
vania Law Library, Philadelphia.
1836. Trial of Jonathan H. Cooper, Kenneth Defries, Frederick
Brush, Robert B. Lawton, Klisha Babcock. . . Journeymen
Shoemakers of the City of Hudson. . . Hudson. . .
1 836 : L.C. ; New York State Law Library ( Mss. ) .
1836. Philadelphia Plasterers: Philadelphia Public Ledger.
1836. Report of the case of the Thompson ville Carpet Manufac-
turing Company versus William Taylor, Edward Gorham, and
Thomas Norton, charged with a conspiracy for being concerned
in a Strike for Higher Wages. . . (Hartford, 1836): Bar
Association, New York ; L.C. ; N.Y. H.S. ; New York State Law
Library.
Lucas, Eliza, Journal and Letters of (Wormsloe, 1850): Harvard;
N.Y. Pub.;L.C; W.H.S.
Machinists and Blacksmiths, Proceedings of the International Union,
1861: W.H.S.
Masquerier, Lewis. Sociology; or the Reconstruction of Society,
Government, and Property (New York, 1877): Adelbert; N.Y.
Pub. ; Boston Ath. ; Boston Pub. ; Brooklyn Pub. ; Columbia ; Lib.
Co. of Phila. ; L.C. ; Mer. N.Y. ; N.Y.H.S. ; N.Y. State ; Seligman.
Memorial of the Citizens of Charleston to the Senate and the House
of Representatives of the State of South Carolina (Charleston,
1822) : Charleston Coll.; N.Y. Pub. ; Seligman.
Mooney, Peter. Nine Years in America (Dublin, 1850) : L.C.
National Labor Union, Proceedings of Second Session (Philadelphia,
1868) : N.Y. Pub.; Seligman; W.H.S.
Patrons of Husbandry:
Proceedings of the Sixth Session of the National Grange of the
Patrons of Husbandry [1873]: L.C; W.H.S.
Proceedings of the Seventh Session of the National Grange of the
Patrons of Husbandry (St. Louis, 1874) : Detroit Pub.; J.C.;
L.C.; N.Y. State; W.H.S.
Proceedings of the Eighth Session, etc. (Charleston, 1875) : De-
troit Pub.; J.C.; N.Y.H.S.; W.H.S.
Proceedings of the Ninth Session, etc. (Louisville, Ky., 1875):
Detroit Pub.; J.C.; L.C; N.Y. State; W.H.S.
154 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Vol.
Proceedings of the Tenth Session, etc. (Chicago, 1876) : Detroit
Pub. ; J.C. ; L.C. ; N.Y. State ; U. of M. ; W.H.S.
Proceedings of the Eleventh Session, etc. (Cincinnati, 1877) : De-
troit Pub.; J.C; L.C; N.Y. State; U. of M.; W.H.S.
Proceedings of the Twelfth Session, etc. (Richmond, Va., 1878) :
Detroit Pub. ; J.C. 5 L.C ; N.Y. State; U. of M. ; W.H.S.
Proceedings of the Thirteenth Session, etc. ( Canandaigua, N.Y.,
1879): Detroit Pub.; J.C; L.C; N.Y. State; U. of M.;
W.H.S.
Proceedings of the State Grange of Wisconsin, second annual ses-
sion (1872): W.H.S.
Periam, J. The Groundswell (Cincinnati, 1874) : Boston Ath. ; Chi-
cago Pub.; Detroit Pub.; J.C; Mpls. Pub.; N.Y.H.S.; U. of M.;
W.H.S.
Plantation Diary of the late Mr. Valcour Aime. . . (New Or-
leans, 1878) : Howard.
Practical Rules for the management and medical treatment of Negro
Slaves in the Sugar Colonies, by a Professional Planter (London,
1803): N.Y. Pub.; Boston Ath.; Charleston L.S.; Lib. Co. of
Phila.; L.C; N.Y.H.S.
Romans, Bernard. Concise Natural History of East and West Flor-
ida (New York, 1876) : Am. Antiq. Soc. ; N.Y. Pub. ; Boston Ath. ;
Harvard; J.C.B.; Lib. Co. of Phila.; L.C; Md. State; N.Y.
State; Pa. H.S. (2 copies) ; U. of W.
Ruffin, Edmund. Report of the Agricultural Survey of South Caro-
lina (Columbia, S.C, 1843): N.Y. Pub.; Charleston L.S.; Chi-
cago Pub.; Harvard; J.C; L.C; N.Y. State.
Seabrook, Whitemarsh B. Memoir on Cotton, 1844 (Charleston) :
Boston Pub.; Charleston L.S. ; Harvard; Princeton; N.Y. State.
Skidmore, Thomas. The Rights of Man to Property: being a prop-
osition to make it equal among the adults of the present generation
(New York, 1829): N.Y. Pub.; Columbia; L.C; Lynn Pub.;
N.Y.H.S.; Seligman; W.H.S.
Steward, Ira. A reduction of Hours an Increase of Wages (Boston,
1865), Boston Pub.; Seligman; W.H.S.
Steward, Ira, James C Baker, Chester R. Merrill. Systematic Labor
Reform Movement (Boston, 1863) : Seligman; W.H.S.; and one
copy is among the manuscripts willed by Ira Steward to Miss Ma-
rietta Marshall, of Nantucket, Massachusetts.
ten]
FINDING LIST OF SOURCES QUOTED
155
Tour of Virginia, A. (n.d. [circa 1808]): Boston Pub.; Columbia;
Harvard; Lib. Co. of Phila.; N.Y.H.S.; Va, State.
Turner, J. A. The Cotton Planter's Manual (New York, 1857):
Cornell; Franklin Institute, Philadelphia; Lib. Co. of Phila.; L.C.;
J.C. J Mer. N.Y. ; N.Y.H.S. ; U. of I. ; University of Texas, Austin.
Weston, P.C.J. Documents connected with the History of South
Carolina (London, 1856): Boston Ath. ; Boston Pub.; Columbia;
Harvard; J.C.B.; N.Y. Pub.; L.C.; N.Y.H.S.; N.Y. State; Va.
State; W.H.S.
INDEX
INDEX
Abbot, Herman, factory operative, VIII, 139
Abdy, E. S., Journal of a Residence in the United States, II, 348
Abel, George, master cordwainer, III, 105
Abel, Isaac, member of Trades' Union Convention of District of
Columbia, VI, 124
Abell, Levi, author Boston Circular, VI, 43, 99
Abernathy, William, defendant, trial of New York Cordwainers,
III, 252
Abingdon [Ga.] Democrat, II, 162
Abolition: Mexico, II, 250-251; relation to land reform, VII,
351-363; see also Liberty League
Absenteeism, I, 81
Accident, I, 134, 140, 142, 144, 156-165, 175, 318, 319
Ackerman, A. D., cordwainer, VI, 318, 321
Adair, George, delegate to New York Protective Union, VIII,
307
Adam, George, land reformer, VIII, 27, 287
Adams, — , Worthy Master of Patrons of Husbandry, X, 92
Adams, James, delegate to New York General Trades' Convention,
V, 225, 276
Adams, John, witness, Thompsonville Carpet Manufacturing Com-
pany vs. William Taylor, et at., IV, Supp., 29-38, 39. 46, 49. 54.
59. 65, 67, 69, 72, 75, 76, 90, 96, 107, 108, 109, 122; VI, 168,
169, 170, 172. 173
Adams, John, president, VII, 160
Adams, John Quincy, VII, 160
Adams, Phillip, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 265, 267,
269, 275
Adams, Hon. S. P., VIII, 139, 140, 295
Adams, St. Lawrence, master cordwainer, III, 105
160 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Adams
Adams, Wirt, member Chinese Labor Convention, IX, 83
Addington, Joseph, silversmith, VIII, 288
Address delivered by Robert MacFarlane before the Mechanics of
New York, VIII, 251-262
Advertisements: apprentices wanted, II, 348-349; auction, I, 251-
252, 255; carding, II, 329-330; carpenters warned, VI, 78; cot-
ton factories, II, 326-327; dyeing, II, 328; emigrant company,
II, 176; employment wanted, II, 272-273; gunsmith, II, 350-
351; immigrant labor, II, 177-178; iron work for sale, II, 304-
312 ; laborers wanted, II, 348 ; land agents, II, 239-240, 258-260,
260-262, 263-267 ; live stock for sale, I, 255 ; merchant, II, 278 ;
millwright, II, 351-352; overseers wanted, I, 323-324; painter
and glazier, II, 353 ; plantations for rent, I, 246-251 ; plantations
for sale, I, 245-246, 251-254; posting, VII, 71-72; runaways -
apprentices, I, 352; convict servants, I, 346-347, 352; indentured
servants, I, 353-354J redemptioners, I, 347"348, 374 J Hi 327-
328; slaves, II, 81-84, 85-90, 92-93, 95-98; "riding bass"
wanted, I, 133; ship carpenters and caulkers wanted, VI, 86;
shoemakers, II, 349; slave emancipated, II, 142; slave labor for
hire, II, 47 ; slave labor wanted to hire, II, 348 ; slaves for sale,
I, 253, 307; II, 52, 57, 58; slaves wanted, II, 55; stone cutters
wanted, V, 255; tailor's, II, 353; tailor wanted, II, 349; team-
sters wanted, II, 347-348; Texas lands, II, 257-258; weavers
wanted, II, 347; wood cutters wanted, II, 348; woolen mills,
II, 334-335
African Company, II, 29
Ager, R. M., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 228, 240
Agrarianism: character, VIII, 31; demand for mechanics' lien, V,
153 ; evils of monopoly, V, 44-45, 151 ; "Fanny Wright Ticket,"
V, 142; Friend of Equal Rights, VII, 143; hostility to auction
system, V, 150, 152-153; hostility to banks, V, 150-152; land
limitation, V, 45 ; memorial to Congress, V, 43-45 ; natural right
to soil, V, 43, 147, 149; objections, VIII, 32-34, 35, 36-37, 38,
39-40; opposition, V, 154-156; VIII, 53-58; periods, IX, 46-47;
philosophy - Henry George, IX, 46, 47 ; Thomas Skidmore,
V, 141; plan for perpetual leases, V, 45; political action -re-
port of committee of fifty, V, 149-154; "The Original Working
Men," V, 142; public land -equal distribution, V, 149, 150,
Algar] INDEX 161
151 ; importance to labor, V, 35-36; policy of National Trade*'
Union, VI, 207-208; relation to national debt, V, 44; relation
to strikes, V, 46-47; source of doctrine, VIII, 29; taxation, V,
153; Workingmen's Party endorse, V, 141- 142; repudiate, V,
142; see also Land, Land reform, Skid more (Thomas)
Agriculture: Bureau demanded, X, 124; college demanded, VIII,
320-321, 325; cost of opening farm, VII, 77-78; distribution of
farms, I, 93; floods and droughts, I, 317, 319, 320; frontier,
II, 170, 191-192, 195, 214, 251-252; hours of labor, V, 33;
lands reclaimed, I, 88; machinery, VII, 303, footnote', mowers,
IV, 61, footnote; opportunity in south, I, 82, 86; stock-raising, I,
246; II, 253-254; VII, 66; transportation, VII, 53; Wateree
Agricultural Society, I, 290; see also Corn, Cotton, Farmers.
Indigo, New England Association of Farmers, Mechanics and
Other Workingmen, Patrons of Husbandry, Plantation, Rice.
Slave labor, Sugar, Tobacco, etc.
Aiken, D. Wyatt, in Patrons of Husbandry, X, 85
Aime, Valcour, diary, I, 214-230
Aimes, Charles, master cordwainer, III, 256, 362, 370
Alabama: black lands, I, 89; cotton manufacture, II, 330-332;
Mobile, I, 84; plantation system, I, 89
Albany Evening Journal, V, 314
Albright, John, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
289
Alden, Caleb H., cordwainer, VIII, 236
Aldrich, Ed., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 270
Aldrich, Morton A., acknowledgments to, I, 103
Alexander, Dr. Adam, planter, I, 150
Alexander, James, master cordwainer, III, 105; IV, Supp., 31, 32,
65, 69, 70, 72, 74, 90
Alexander, Robert, cordwainer, IV, Supp., 94
Alexander estate, plantation records, I, 150-165
Alford, William, juror, Thompsonville Manufacturing Company
vs. William Taylor, et al., IV, Supp., 16, 115
Alfred, Jacob J: National Labor Union, committee member, IX,
132, 134, 141; delegate, IX, 127; eight-hour policy, IX, 134-
135, 141 ; political policy, IX, 137; vice president, IX, 129
Algar, George, master shoemaker, IV, 279
1 62 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Allaben
Allaben, J. C, land reformer, VIII, 26
Allen, Daniel, defendant, New York Journeymen Cordwainers'
trial, III, 252
Allen, George W., land reformer, VIII, 26, 93, 105, 124, 126
Allen, Job B., witness, case Thompsonville weavers, IV, Supp., 47,
56,78
Allen, John, association ist, VII, 188, 189, 277; VIII, 263
Allen, John, Jr., president W. T. Company, IX, 106
Allen, Joseph, treasurer United Workers of America, IX, 378
Allen, Hon. S. C, V, 187
Allen, T. R., Master State Grange of Missouri, X, 91
Allibone, William, merchant, III, 61
Ailing, T. F., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Allston, R. F. W., I, 259, footnote; Essay on Sea Coast Crops, I,
271-275
Allwright, William, shoemaker, VIII, 341
Almy, Thomas, land reformer, VIII, 26, 91, 93
Alphonso, William, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Alsop, George, letter, I, 342
Alvord, A., boarding-house keeper, VII, 139, 140
Alvord, Rev. J. W., IX, 252
Amalgamated Trades' Convention, see Trades' Assemblies
America, Letters from, see Eddis (William)
American Bureau of Industrial Research: I, 23; catalogues, I, 28;
collaborators, I, 22; III, 17; newspapers, I, 22-24; organization,
I, 21 ; pamphlets, I, 25; transcripts, I, 26
American Emigrant Company, see Immigration
American Federation of Labor, V, 32; IX, 51
American Historical Review, cited, I, 374
American Protective Union, VIII, 215
American Reporter and Intending Emigrant's Guide, The, IX,
77
American Sentinel, The, cited, II, 159; V, 78
American Shoemakers: III, 19; see also Commons (John R.)
"American System," see Factory system
American Workman, cited, IX, 243-247
Arbour)
INDKX
»°3
Amies, Thomas, master cordwainer, III, 105
Anarchism: in International Workingmcn's Association, IX, 44,
45; Josiah Warren, V, 78; theory, IX, 38- w
Ancient Order of United Workmen, X, 33
Anderson, Charles R., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 259
Anderson, J. Patton, member Chinese Labor Convention, IX, 84
Anderson, James, pattern-maker, IV, Supp., 37, 59-62, 72
Anderson, James B., secretary, New York General Trades' Union,
V, 219, 220, 236, 239, 241
Anderson, John, weaver, IV, Supp., 68
Anderson, Thomas, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
Anderson, William, cordwainer, IV, 35, 38
Andrews, Cornelius B., juror, trial Thompsonvillc Weavers, IV,
Supp., 16, 59
Andrews, John B., editor Documentary History of American In-
dustrial Society, I, 22, 23 ; III, 17 ; IX, 19-51
Andrews, Martin H., printer, VI, 347
Andrews, Stephen Pearl: The Science of Society, V, 79, footnote;
Speech before Labor Reform League, VIII, 126
Angell, William P., State Prison inspector, VIII, 323
Anthon, — , counsel, Deitz vs. Tate, V, 69
Anthony, Susan B., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 195,
198, 205, 207, 216, 227, 231
Anti-rent Association, VIII, 48
Applegate, Aaron, juror, trial of Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 17
Applegarth, R., member International Workingmen's Association,
IX, 341
Apples: abundance, VII, 49; price, VII, 49
Apprenticeship: abuses, V, 70-72; IX, 154-155; advertisements for,
II, 348-349; authority of masters, V, 68; cordwainers, III, 70;
VIII, 233; Deitz VS. Tate, V, 67-69; hatters, V, 71 ; VI, 167;
legal aspects, V, 67-69; negroes, II, 251; paupers, I, 340;
planters', I, 324; policy of National Labor Union, IX, 154-155;
runaway apprentices, I, 340, 352; V, 69-70; shoemakers, V, 69;
supplanting journeymen, V, 170; whip and cane makers, V, 69-70
Arbeiter Union, IX, 227
Arbour, James H., cordwainer, VI, 317, 320
1 64 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Arbuckle
Arbuckle, Peter, witness, case Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
IOO-IOI
Arbuthnot, William, delegate to New York State Industrial Legis-
lature, VIII, 318, 324» 325
Arch-Deacon, George, delegate to New York City Industrial
Congress, VIII, 303
Arends, H., land reformer, VII, 310
Argus, The, cited, VIII, 48
Arkansas, settlement, I, 87
Arkansas Gazette, The, cited, II, 84, 250
Arkwright, Sir Richard, inventor, I, 38
Armistead, S., letter, II, 295-296
Armitage, Joshua, juror, trial Pittsburg Cordwainers, IV, 17
Armour, John, mechanic, II, 369
Armstrong, — , spinner, IV, Supp., 71
Armstrong, David, cooper, VI, 90
Armstrong, Thomas A., delegate to National Labor Union, IX,
137, 168, 170
Arnold, Jonathan E., land reformer, VIII, 54, 58
Arnold, Samuel, juror, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
16
Arpent, definition, I, 216
Artisans, see Indentured servants, Mechanics
Ash, John T., carpenter, VI, 337
Ash, Michael W., VI, 44
Ashfield, John, juror, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 362, 363
Ashmun, Hon. George, IX, 75
Ashton, James, Jr., member of Mechanics' Union, V, 94, 123;
VIII, 28
Ashworth, — , V, 137
Ashworth, James, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 127,
129, 132, 136, 137, Hi
Asper, Michael, mechanic, II, 369
Aspinall, — , defendant, trial Baltimore weavers, IV, 269; V, 386
Aspinall, William, weaver, VI, 342
Assize of Bread: II, 343, 344; see also Bakers
Association: American Union of A ssociationists -Boston Union,
VIII, 327 ; constitution, VII, 203-204; officers, VII, 205 ; unions
Augusta] INDEX 1 65
affiliated, VII, 205-206; convention of 1844 -call, VII, 188;
committees, VII, 188, 189, 200-201; delegates, VII, 188; Eng-
lish socialists, VII, 201-202; officers, VII, 188; proceedings,
VII, 189-202; convention of 1845 -ca\\, VII, 200; reforms pro-
posed-child training, VII, 193-194; co-operation, VII, 194-
J95t *97; education, VII, 195-196; individual freedom, VII,
194; land monopoly, VII, 343; marriage, VII, 196; religious,
VII, 193, 196; relation to other reforms - abolition, VII, 207-
211, 211-216, 216-218, 218-219, 219-221, 221-222; communism,
VII, 222-223, 223-225, 225-231, 244-249; French Revolution,
VII, 237-239 ; labor movement, VII, 231-232, 232-233, 233-234,
234-237; land reform, VII, 319, 325, 327, 327-331. 33i-34<>;
miscellaneous - advantage to labor, VII, 149; causes of failure,
VII, 282-284 >' contrasted with Fourierism, VII, 198 ; cooperation,
VII, 234-237; objects, VII, 199-200; official organ, VII, 201;
see also Cooperation, Fourierism, Owenism.
Aston, Justice — , opinion, III, 238
Aston, John, Jr., V, 123
Athenian, The, cited, I, 266, 334
Athens Gazette, The, cited, II, 301
Athens Southern Banner, The, cited, II, 71
Atkinson, A. G., delegate to Trades' Union Convention of Dis-
trict of Columbia, VI, 119, 121, 126
Atlanta American, The, cited, II, 312
Atlanta and Her Builders, see Martin (T. H.)
Atlanta Daily Intelligencer, The, cited, II, 54, 72, 75, 159, 312,
354
Atlantic Monthly, The, cited, I, 254, 256
Atwell, John B., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 265, 289
Auction: advertisement, I, 255; evils, V, 152, 161-162; VII, 105-
106, 106-108; opposition, V, 141
Auctioneers, profits, V, 152
Augur, Daniel C, cordwainer, VI, 317, 320, 321, 325
Augusta Chronicle, The, cited, I, 252; II, 143, 196, 298, 344, 345,
348, 349, 376
Augusta Constitutionalist, The, cited, II, 159, 167
Augusta Courier, The, cited, II, 358
1 66 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Aurn.
Aurnhammer, A., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Aurniss, Ephraim, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 219
Aurora, The, criticism, III, 67
Austin, Hon. J. T., V, 60
Australasia, land monopoly, IX, 49
Autobiography of Gideon Lincecum, cited, II, 185
Averett, Hon. Thomas H., VIII, 72-73
Avery, John, factory agent, VII, 136, 138
Avery, Lorin F., witness, case Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
40-42
Awl, The: cited, VIII, 82, 99-106, 232-236; established, VIII,
221
Ayers, Thomas, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169, 194
Axley, James, I, 352
Babcock, — , VIII, 122
Babcock, B., VI, 169
Babcock, Elisha, defendant, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 277,
283, 285
Bacon, price, II, 194
Badgely, Hiram, master cordwainer, IV, 53, 54, 55
Bagley, Sarah G., factory operative, VIII, 107, 108, 109, no,
136, 138
Bailey, C. A., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
339, 340
Bailey, Evan, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 337
Bailey, K. Arthur: Amalgamated Trades' Convention — address,
VIII, 342 ; delegate, VIII, 338; New York City Industrial Con-
gress-address, VIII, 303-305; delegate, VIII, 288; president,
VIII, 286-287, 290, 302
Bailey, Wallace, defendant, William Taylor vs. the Thompsonville
Manufacturing Company, IV, Supp., 127
Bailey, William, delegate to International Industrial Assembly,
IX, 120
Bailie, William, Josiah Warren, V, 79, footnote
Bailley, John, weaver, IV, Supp., 107
Baltimore]
INDEX
167
Haillir. David, delegate Co Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 338
Baily, — , VIII, 61
Bain, John, \\ raver, IV, Supp., 83, 86
Baird, Robert, defendant, trial New York Journeymen Cord-
wainers, III, 252
Baker, F. P., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 258
Baker, Frederick, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 228
Baker, James C, blacksmith, IX, 282
Baker, John H., delegare to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 175, 180,
181, 183
Baker, Thomas, defendant, trial New York Journeymen Cord-
wainers, III, 252; VIII, 301
Baker, William, VI, 318, 321
Bakers: Assize of Bread, II, 343-344 J hours, V, 304, 305; pros-
ecutions, III, 16; strike, II, 343-344; V, 304-305, 307-308;
Sunday work, V, 327; wages, V, 305-306; see also Trade unions
Bakery: plantation, I, 191; public, II, 344
Bakunin, Michael, IX, 33
Balch, Rev. — , VIII, 26
Balch, A. L., delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
177
Baldwin, Edward B., delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 175
Baldwin, Henry, counsel, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 17,
26, 71-73
Baldwin, Joseph, master cordwainer, III, 105
Baldwin, Rosevelt, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union,
VI, 170, 172
Baldwin, William, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 130, 136
Baldwin, William H., delegate to Albany General Trades' Union,
VI, 144, 158
Baley, Stephen, insurance agent, VIII, 169
Ball, Thomas, carpenter, II, 371
Ballard, Daniel, Jr., delegate to Trades' Union of Boston, VI, 86
Ballendine, John, importer foreign labor, II, 178
Ballou, Adin, editor The Practical Christian, I, 25
Baltimore, Lord, I, 282
Baltimore American, The, V, 314
1 68 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [B.alti.
Baltimore Republican and Commercial Advertiser, cited, VI, 74,
IOO-III
Banker, Benjamin, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 174
Bankhead, Robert, delegate to Baltimore Trades' Union, VI, 113
Banks, Alderman, judge, trial Twenty Journeymen Tailors, IV,
315, 325
Banks, David, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Banks, Theodore H., member International Workingmen's Asso-
ciation, IX, 359, 366
Banks: attitude of workingmen, V, 30, 31, 204; bills of credit, V,
152; dependence of merchant-capitalist, VII, 102-104; effect on
labor, VII, 103-104; evils, V, 152, 162; VII, 102-104; Mutual
Savings Institution, VII, 97-98, 99; small bills, V, 31; "wild
cat," V, 33; see also National Labor Union, financial policy
Bannan, E., delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VIII, 316
Banner, The, VIII, 59
Banner of the Constitution, The, cited, IV, 269-272
Bannon, Stewart, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 338
Barbadoes: capture, I, 79; congestion, I, 80; emigration, I, 80;
expedition against Jamaica, I, 79; industry, I, 79; sugar making,
I, 79
Barbaroux, E., foundry owner, IX, 97
Barbecue, II, 280 ,
Bard, Allen, carpenter, VI, 337
Bargain, kinds, III, 44-46
Barker, Alderman, judge, case Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 118, 119
Barker, Edward, delegate to Union Trade Society of Baltimore,
VI, 108
Barnes, Jonathan, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 245
Barnes, Underl, defendant, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III,
62-66, 219
Barnett, Thomas, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128
Barr, William V., land reformer, VIII, 289, 291, 300
Bnttj ,
INDEX
169
Barrels, see Coopers, Manufactures
Barrington, E., secretary, Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 349
Barrow, George, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 225
Barry, — , X, 74
Barthel, William, associationist, VIII, 303
Bartlett, J. P., delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 144, 14s.
146
Barton, Chr[istopher?], cordwainer, IV, 26
Bartrani, John, botanist, I, 267
BarwiVk, Standi, letters, I, 312, 313
Bass, Samuel, carpenter, II, 371
Bass, William, petition, II, 163
Basset, Samuel S., delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 187
Bassett, James, carpenter, VIII, 287, 301
Bassong, James M., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
Bastian, A., delegate to Philadelphia General Trades' Union, V,
375
Bates, Levi, defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors, IV,
101, 107, 113, 119, 128, 132
Bates, Stephen, associationist, VII, 273
Baton Rouge Gazette, The, cited, I, 299; II, 79, 142, 277
Baton Rouge Republic, The, cited, I, 83, 84, 120
Batory, Ignatius, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196, 215,
219, 220, 230
Batson, — , delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 357
Baush, George, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors, IV,
100, 133
Bayous: Choupic, II, 241 ; St. John, II, 241
Beach, William, defendant, trial New York Journeymen Cord-
wainers, III, 252
Beacon, Thomas, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Bean, John, witness, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 129-130
Beattie, Robert, land reformer, VII, 305
Beatty, James, defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 104, 107, 108, 113, 116, 128, 168
Beatty, James, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 228
170 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Beatty
Beatty, Robert, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
215, 219, 221, 223, 305, 308
Bechtel, Jacob, master cordwainer, III, 105
Beck, — , manufacturer, VIII, 227
Becker, Johann Phillip, see Brief e und Auszuge aus Brief en
Beckford, William, delegate to Trades' Convention, Boston, VI, 91
Beckmeir, — , delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288
Bedford, John, master cordwainer, III, 67, 99-103, 105, 130
Bedford, Thomas, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 199
Bedgar, — , cordwainer, IV, 41, 42
Beecher, Henry Ward, IX, 75
Beef, price, II, 253, 309, 3H
Beem, William, member Illinois State Farmers' Association, X, 48
Beeny, Henry: address on free land, VII, 308; resolutions, VI,
68, 69; VII, 308-310
Beers, Francis, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 176, 327
Beers, James B., printer, VI, 352
Beers, Jerome, cordwainer, VI, 317
Bees, hunting, II, 77
Beesly, Edward S., The International Workingmen's Association,
IX, 44, footnote
Beler, Samuel, defendant, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 18,
28, 34, 49
Belknap, Thomas, banker, IX, 75
Bell, Aaron P., delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 175
Bell, J., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 258
Bell, William, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 144, 162, 163
Bellamy, Edward S., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 214
Bellows, John, master carpenter, VI, 81
Beman, Walter S., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
Benevolent Society of Social Reformers, VIII, 288
Benevolent societies, see various trades
Benjamin, Lucius, III, 362
Benjamin, R. W., member Illinois State Farmers' Association, X,
51
Bigler]
INDEX
171
Brnnrt, Andrew M., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V. 277
Brnnrt, Barnes, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
220, 248, 254, 260, 262, 264, 266, 318
Bennet, Benjamin, mechanic, II, 369
Bennett, Anthony, witnrss, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 67,
8889
Bennington, B., land reformer, VIII, 26
Benny, James, letter, II, 316-317
Benson, Alderman — . IV, 315, 325
Benson, Judge — , IV, 315
Benson, Egbert, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 270, 274
Benton, Thomas, III, 256
Benton, Thomas H., Thirty Years' Review, IX, 162
Benton, William, master shoemaker, III, 256
Beresford, Richard, planter, I, 324
Berger, Ferdinand, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 301
Bermuda Islands: negro plot, II, 1 17 ; see also Negroes
Berrian, Major — , II, 70
Bcrrian, Hobart, Origin and Rise of the Workingmen's Party, V,
157
Berry, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 197
Bethea, G. N., letter, I, 315
Beuerman, — , treasurer Pittsburgh Workingmen's Congress, VIII,
333
Beverly, Robert, planter, II, 23023 1, 233
Bibliographie generate des Cartularies Francois, etc., see Stein
(Henri)
Bibliography: association, VII, 151 ; labor movement, V, 39; land
reform, VII, 287; plantation, I, 105-107
Bickley, Elizabeth, voluntary slave, II, 162
Biderman, Peter, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 127, 153
Bienneville, II, 241
Bigler, E. F., delegate to International Industrial Assembly, IX,
120
172 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Bills
Bills of credit: V, 152; see also Banks
Bingham, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169
Bingham, Oramel: cordwainers' convention — commitee member,
VI, 316, 320, 324, 325; delegate, VI, 317; New York General
Trades' Union — amendments presented, V, 228 ; committee
member, V, 220, 231, 236, 241, 243, 249, 251, 254, 255, 257,
279, 281, 282, 284, 285, 290, 294, 296, 297, 299; communication
from cordwainers, V, 256; delegate, V, 277
Binns, — , master tailor, IV, 114, 121, 141
Binns, John P., VI, 44
Birbeck, — , delegate to Ten-hour Convention, VIII, 94
Bishop, Col. William N., II, 296-298
Blachley, Jarvis, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
147, 157
Black, Alexander, ship carpenter, VI, 86
Black, Andrew, weaver, IV, Supp., 57
Black, George, weaver, IV, Supp., 31, 44, 65, 67, 69, 90, 95, 107,
108, 109, 122
Black, William, planter, I, 354
Black, William, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 230
Blacker, Peter I., clerk, VIII, 274
Blackiston, Presly, master cordwainer, III, 105
Blackledge, Richard, sheriff, II, 89
Blacklist, IV, Supp., 37
Blacksmiths: advertisements, II, 348-349, 359; frontier demand,
II, 174; prison labor, V, 231; strike, V, 244; wages, VII, 47;
see also Machinists and Blacksmiths
Blackstone, William, quoted, III, 260, 274
Blades, William P., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128,
137
Blair, Thomas, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 338
Blair, William, witness, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 97-99
Blake, Ambrose, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 338
Blake, John, delegate to International Industrial Assembly, IX, 120
Blake, Robert B., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128, 132
Blanc, Louis, L' organization du travail, IX, 33, 35
Boltcl
INDIA
173
Blanchard, FM delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 257
Blanvelt, Isaac, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 338
Blast Furnaces: II, 312; see also Smelting furnaces
Bliss, William B., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 256, 294
Block and Pump Makers, see Trade unions
Blockhouse, II, 232
Bloom, David, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 300
Bloomer, Elisha, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V,23i
Blunt, John M., juror, trial Hudson shoemakers, IV, 279, 312
Blunt, N. B., attorney, IV, 317, 325, 326, 332
Boardman, William, juror, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV,
Supp., 16
Bodder, Dr. L. D., VI, 44
Bogert, Henry, defendant, trial New York Journeymen Cord-
wainers, III, 252
Boggart [Bogart, Boggit?], William G., delegate to Albany
Trades' Union, VI, 174, 197, 199, 201, 229, 238, 239, 243, 250,
263, 316,330,331
Boggs, David, juror, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 17
Boggs, William, hatter, VI, 161, 237, 244, 256, 258
Boggus, William K., delegate to Baltimore Trades' Union, VI, 1 13
Bohlen, John, juror, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 62
Bohn, J. W., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
337
Boileau, Etienne, I, 20
Boiler makers, see Trade unions
Bolan, J. R., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128, 137, 168
Bolingbroke, Henry, A Voyage to the Demerary, II, 49
Bolinger, Frederick, II, 371
Bolles, Samuel, editor, IX, 75
Bolsom [Bolson, Balsom, Balson, Balston?], D.D., delegate to
National Labor Union, IX, 127, 129, 134, 136, 137
Bolte, F., member International Workingmen's Association, IX,
44, footnote, 366, 373, 378
i74 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Bolton
Bolton, Sir Richard, III, 353, footnote
Bonamy, A., blacksmith, II, 359
Bond, Gilman, see Rand
Bond, William, delegate to Trades' Union Convention of District
of Columbia, VI, 126, 127, 129, 133, 134, 138
Boner, John, defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 107, no, 113, 115, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 128,
136, 141, 157, 158, 159, 207
Bonner, John Y., planter, II, 87
Bonner, Thomas, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 219, 305
Bonsall, Benjamin S., VI, 44
Bookbinders: advice to immigrants, VII, 66; strike, V, 327-328;
VI, 124-125; see also Trades unions
Booking shops, VII, 87
Boone, Daniel, II, 220, 222, 225
Boot and shoe workers, see Shoemakers
Borden, Charles, VIII, 91
Borland, James, weaver, IV, Supp., 34, 40
Borst, Charles, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 338
Boss: defined, III, 43, and footnote; origin of term, III, 43
Boston Chronicle, The, cited, I, 348, 372-373; II, 273; V, 186
Boston Chronotype, The, quoted, VIII, 281-285
Boston Commonwealth, cited, IX, 84-86
Boston Courier, cited, V, 187, 188, 189; VI, 47
Boston Daily Advertiser and Patriot, cited, V, 187
Boston Daily Bee, quoted, VIII, 95-99
[Boston] Daily Evening Voice, cited, IX, 126, 302-305
Boston Eight Hour League, see Hours of labor
Boston Investigator, cited, IX, 86-88
Boston Labor Reform Association, IX, 277, 284; see Labor reform
associations
Boston Laborer, VIII, 221
Boston Palladium, V, 314
Boston Protective Union, quoted, VIII, 326, 327
Botsford, J., delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, VI, 69
Botume, J., Jr., associationist, VII, 205
Bradley] INDEX 175
Bounty, wolfscalps, II, 288
Kourlcr, James A., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196, 198
Bouvier, J., city recorder, Philadelphia, IV, 335
Bovay, Alvan E: biography, VII, 37 ; National convention of Land
Reformers -call for, VIII, 23-25; delegate, VIII, 26, 27; dele-
gate to New England Workingmcn's Association, VIII, 91;
delegate to World's Convention of Association ists, VIII, 181-
182 ; father of Republican Party, VII, 36-37
Bowen, Benjamin, ship carpenter, VI, 86, 91
Bowie, John H : delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 197, 198 ;
New York General Trades' Union - address before mass meeting,
V, 318; address on prison labor, V, 230; committee member, V,
215, 219, 220, 221, 223, 234, 237, 238, 240, 241, 275, 305, 308;
communication concerning bakers, V, 305-306; delegate, V, 234,
250; on parliamentary order, V, 233; secretary, V, 195, 219
Bowie, Roswell C, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 265,
274
Bowles, John, carpenter, II, 371
Boyce, Benjamin B., VI, 44
Boyce, Robert, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
337
Boycott: farmers' plan, X, 52; hatters, VI, IOO
Boyd, Nathaniel B., witness, trial Thompson ville Weavers, IV,
Supp., 58-59
Boyd, Thomas W. S., delegate Trade Union Convention of Dis-
trict of Columbia, VI, 119, 127, 135
Boyd, William A., delegate Union Trade Society of Baltimore,
VI, 108
Boyle, Charles, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 352
Boyle, James, weaver, IV, Supp., 40, 65, 94
Boynton, P., association ist, VII, 276
Bradbury, Thomas, weaver, IV, Supp., 44
Bradford, A. P., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 258
Bradford, Nehemiah, III, 252
Bradford, Vincent L., VI, 44
Bradley, J. W., factory operative, VIII, 201
Bradlcv, James, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
1 76 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Bradley
Bradley, Wyllys, juror, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
16
Bradshaw, James, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 164
Bradshaw, William, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 158
Brady, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 257
Brady, Thomas, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 271, 274
Brahan, John, land agent, II, 267
Brandon, Mrs. C. G., II, 201
Brandt, John F., delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 144, 145
Brandy, price, II, 314
Branson, Newyear, letter, I, 130-131
Braubach, John G., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 287, 288, 301
Bray, Thomas, mechanic, II, 370, footnote
Brazie, Henry, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 170
Breach of peace, II, 287
Breithaupt, Col. — , manufacturer, II, 332
Brelshford, — , delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, VI, 69
Brennan, John B., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288
Brewer, John, carpenter, II, 371
Brewster, William H., delegate to Trades' Convention, Boston,
VI, 91
Brian, Thomas B., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 129
Bricklayers: conspiracy, IX, 200; demand, I, 340; redemptioner, I,
347; strike, IX, 220; wages, II, 47; VII, 48; see also Trade
unions
Brickmakers, VIII, 219 .
Bridge, James, delegate to Trades' Convention, Boston, VI, 91
Bridges, William M., I, 208
Brief e und Ausz'uge aus Brief en von Joh. Phil. Becker, Jos. Dietz-
gen, Friedrich Engles, Karl Marx u. a. an F. A. Sorge, und
andere, IX, 44, footnote
Briggs, Clinton, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 231
Briggs, William, planter, II, 328
Bright, James, land agent, II, 267
Brightly, — , Nisi Prius Cases, III, 116; IV, 202
Brown |
INDl X
177
Brinkcrhoff, Christian, cordwaincr, VI, 318
Hrinkerhoff, Jacob J., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
Brintnall, Samuel, ship carpenter, VI, 86
Dane, Albert: Associationists' Convention -committeeman, VII,
189, 200; delegate, VII, 188; delegate to European Associations,
VII. 200; Fourierism, VII, 28, 337; Industrial Congress -ad-
dress, VIII, no, 112; committee member, VIII, 107; delegate,
VIII, 26; resolutions, VIII, 103-105, 109; industrial evils cited,
VIII, 103-104; letter, VII, 241, 245; New York Industrial
Legislature, delegate, VIII, 316; publications, VII, 148; VIII,
82; vice president World's Convention, VII, 182; rejection of
Owenism, VII, 182
Bristol, Herman D., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 261, 262, 267, 281, 283, 284, 293; VI, 228, 230
Britain, Benjamin, witness, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 362
British Cotton Supply Association, IX, 191
Britton, James, master cordwainer, III, 370-371
Brodill, William, juror, trial New York Journeymen Cordwainers,
111,362
Broker, I, 307
Bromberger, John, defendant, trial Twenty Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 315, 319, 326
Brook Farm, see Fourierism, Ripley (George)
Brooker, Stephen, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288
Brooks, Hon. A. L., VIII, 151, 152, 153
Brooks, H. T., delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VIII, 316
Brotherhood of the Union, VIII, 285, 288, 294
Brouet, A. D., carpenter, IX, 375
Broughton, Aaron, land reformer, VIII, 48
Brower, H. E., coachmaker, VI, 143
Brown, Albert H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169
Brown, Calvin, associationist, VII, 205
Brown, David Paul, attorney, trial Twenty-four Journeymen
Tailors, IV, 101, 102, 117, 123-124, lis, 126, 128, 130, 132,
133, 134. 135, 136, 137. 140, 141. 151, 155. 156, 199-230, 340
178 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Brown
Brown, George B., delegate to Ten-hour Convention, VIII, 108
Brown, Hiram, land reformer, VIII, 44, 48
Brown, Hugh, deposition, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
89
Brown, Isaiah, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128
Brown, J. M., delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VIII, 317, 321, 322, 323, 330
Brown, James S., VIII, 54, 56, 58, 105
Brown, John, planter, I, 374; II, 87
Brown, John, treasurer, New York General Trades' Union, V,
219, 221, 248, 254, 264; VI, 197, 199, 238, 253
Brown, John L., printer, VI, 347
Brown, John W., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V,3i8
Brown, Lewis S., letter, II, 252
Brown, Malachi W., delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 158
Brown, Martin J., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 287
Brown, Morgan, planter, II, 46
Brown, N. W., delegate to Ten-hour Convention, VIII, 1 10
Brown, Peter P., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 228, 240
Brown, S. F., member Michigan Grange, X, 82
Brown, Solyman, associationist, VII, 188, 200
Brown, Thomas M., delegate to New England Workingmen's
Association, VIII, no
Brown, William, deposition, case Thompsonville Weavers, IV,
Supp., 107
Browne, A. A., attorney, trial Philadelphia Spinners, IV, 265
Browne, P. A., attorney, trial Philadelphia Spinners, IV, 265
Browning, John W: National Labor Union, committee member,
IX, 261 ; delegate, IX, 257; secretary, IX, 269
Browning, Samuel, defendant, trial New York Cordwainers, III,
252
Bruff, — , delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, VI, 67, 69
Brundige, C. V. N., insurance agent, VIII, 169
Brunson, Isaac, planter, II, 79
Brush, Frederick, defendant, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 277
Brushmakers, see Trade unions
Burden )
INDKX
179
Bryan, Christopher, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Conv
VIII, 337
Bryant, David, land reformer, VIII, 28, 114
Bryson, Hugh, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
Bucella diglutienda, III, 337, footnote
Buchanan, — , Canadian emigrant agent, VII, 69
Buchanan, Peter, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 145
Biichcr, K., Die Entstehung der Volksxvirtschaft, cited, III, 23
Buck, Solon J., Agricultural Organization in Illinois, X, 39,
footnote
Buckheister, Charles, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
Buckingham, Gov. — , IX, 75
Buckingham, J. S., Slave States of America, II, 357
Buckley, James, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 181
Buckridge, James, weaver, IV, Supp., 36, 40, 53, 73
Buffalo, slaughter, II, 229
Buffalo Emporium, The, cited, IV, 93
Buffum, Arnold, land reformer, VIII, 26, 27, 94
Buffum, Israel, delegate to Trades' Convention, Boston, Mass., VI,
91
Buffum, J. N., address on labor reform, VIII, 126
Building trades, methods of masters, V, 23-24; see also Carpenters,
Masons
Bulger, — , delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
340
Bull, Judge — IV, 277
Buller, Judge — , III, 195
Bundel, Michael, cordwainer, VI, 318, 320, 321, 324, 325
Bunker, — , delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 237
Bunting, Dr. — , VI, 44
Burbeck, H., delegate to Trades' Convention, Boston, VI, 90
Burch, Remigus, delegate to Union Trades' Convention of District
of Columbia, VI, 129, 1 30
Burd, Andrew, planter, I, 347
Burden, — , tailor ( ?), IV, no, in, 121, 159
Bureau of Labor, see National Labor Union
Burgen, — , V, 134
180 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Burgess
Burgess, Edmund, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
Burgess, George W., whip and cane maker, V, 70
Burke, William, carpenter, II, 371
Burkey [Berkey?], William A., delegate to National Labor Union,
IX, 170, 175
Burleigh, Alexander, delegate to International Industrial Assembly,
IX, 120
Burn, James Dawson, Three Years among the Working Classes in
The United States during the War, IX, 55-66
Burnham, Arthur, VIII, 263
Burns, George, defendant, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 18,
28, 34
Burns, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196
Burnside, William, carpenter, II, 371
Burnsides, John, defendant, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 18,
28, 34, 40, 49
Burr, C. C, land reformer, VIII, 28
Burr, E. D., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 194
Burrage, William, delegate to Trades' Convention, Boston, Mass.,
VI, 90
Burritt, Elihu, land reformer, VIII, 21
Burritt, Elijah H., criminal, II, 150
Burrows, Sir William, Reports, cited, III, 284
Burton, Rev. — , VIII, 126
Burton, Joshua, V, 330
Burtt, A., delegate to Pittsburgh Workingmen's Congress, VIII,
333
Burtt, Selah H., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301, 332
Bury, William, delegate to Union Trade Convention of District
of Columbia, VI, 135
Buschman, — , tailor, VIII, 308
Bussey, Joshua, defendant, trial Twenty Journeymen Tailors, IV,
315,319,326
Butcher, Robert, Sr., V, 318
Butler, Judge — , IV, 277
Butler, Gen. Benjamin F., IX, 232
Calvert]
INDKX
IS.
Butler, Robert H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 230,
239, 240
Butler, Thomas O., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 299, 300
"Butt-enders," VIII, 43
Butter, price, II, 314; VII, 53
Butterfield, J., associationist, VII, 205
Buttcrsley, Robert, V, 281
Button, Edward, alderman, VIII, 53, 54, 56
Button and fringemakers, see Trade unions
Butts, William D., delegate to General Convention of Trades,
Boston, VI, 90
Byrd, William, planter, I, 374; II, 258-260
Byrne, James, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 164
Byron, John, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
337
Cabinet-makers: auction system, VII, 105-108; hours, VII, 105;
wages, VII, 106-107; scc also Trade unions
Cable, James, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, V, 261
Cadys, Robert, weaver, IV, Supp., 43, 45-46
Caffrey, John M., delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 175
Cahawba [Ala.] Press, II, 84
Cain, Elisha, letters, I, 191-192, 3H-3I5. 33<>336; II, 39, 85
Calder, James, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
337
Caldwell, Edwin, delegate to Trades' Union, Baltimore, VI, 113
Caldwell, S. D., agent New York and Erie Railway, IX, 106
Caldwell, William, delegate to Union Trade Society, Baltimore,
VI, 108
Calendar of State Papers, America and West Indies, cited, II, 1 60
Calhoun, John C, VII, 160
California: homestead law, IX, 47; land monopoly, IX, 47; me-
chanics' lien, IX, 201
Calkins, Thomas, weaver, IV, Supp., 48
Callaghan, George, witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV,
Supp., 85-86
Calvert, Benedict Leonard, letter, I, 282-283
1 82 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Camblin
Camblin [Camblen?], delegate to New York General Trades'
Union, V, 260
Camden Society, I, 20
Cameron, Andrew C: Address to Workingmen, IX, 141-168;
National Labor Union - admission of Susan B. Anthony, IX,
231 ; committee member, IX, 130, 134, 136, 140, 175, 204, 205;
delegate, IX, 127, 169, 196, 230, 258, 270, 272, 273; delegate
to the International Workingmen's Association, IX, 241, 263,
334. 336, 337. 338; reports from Europe, IX, 34J-350; interview
with President Johnson, IX, 140-141 ; memorial to William H.
Sylvis, IX, 231-232; offices held — corresponding representative,
IX, 194; treasurer, IX, 271; vice-president at large, IX, 129;
policies - apprenticeship, IX, 154-155; convict labor, IX, 206;
co-operation, IX, 148-152; distribution of wealth, IX, 177, 179;
eight-hour day, IX, 134-135, 136, 144-148, 185; female labor,
IX, 156-160, 206; finance, IX, 1 77-181, 206, 209, 213; immi-
gration, IX, 339; labor politics, IX, 137, 164-167, 175, 183,
204, 265; land, IX, 160-164, 181; race question, IX, 158-160;
strikes, IX, 131-132, 155-156; trade unionism, IX, 130-131,
152-154; woman suffrage, IX, 198
Cameron, Gilbert, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 233, 235
Cameron, Hugh, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 228, 257,
258, 272
Cameron, James, III, 62
Cameron, William: delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 144;
committee member, 145, 155, 230, 235, 237, 238, 240, 241, 244,
248, 255, 263
Camion, John, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
338
Camp-meeting, II, 284-286
Campbell, — , deposition, trial Philadelphia Spinners, IV, 266
Campbell, A. B., associationist, VII, 278-280
Campbell, Alexander: delegate to National Labor Reform Party
convention, IX, 272 ; National Labor Union, committee member,
IX, 261; delegate, IX, 170, 196, 230, 258; The True Green-
back, IX, 34, footnote
Campbell, B. H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 257
Carolina]
INDEX
i»3
Campbell, Ira A., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 300
Campbell, J. O., IX, 97
Campbell, John, notary, II, 98
Campbell, John, delegate to Ten-hour Convention, VIII, 1 15, 1 18,
127
Campbell, John D., witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tail-
ors, IV, 100, 131, 165
Campbell, Parker, attorney, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 17,
*6, 73-77
Campbell, William H., deposition on child labor, V, 66; VI, 257
Campion, Moore, master cabinet maker, VII, 108
Canada, lands, VII, 69
Canal diggers, demand for, II, 347, 348; Irish, II, 182
Candidus, W., land reformer, VIII, 28
Caney, John: corduainers' convention - committee member, VI,
327; delegate, VI, 318; president, VI, 317, 330; resolutions, VI,
326 ; Philadelphia General Trades' Union - committee member,
V, 385; resolutions, V, 356, 374, 481; treasurer, V, 349, 378,
388 ; president of cordwainers' society, VI, 30, 38
Cannon, A., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 258
Cannon, Thomas B., tailor, IV, 140
Capers, William, letters, I, 320-321, 337, 338; II, 32, 33, 94
Capital, "good will," IX, 21
Carey, Henry C, IX, 75
Carey, Mathew, Select Excerpta, cited, V, 67
Cargill, David, juror, trial New York Journeymen Cordwainers,
III, 362, 363
Carl, Conrad, member International Workingmen's Association,
IX, 359, 366
Carle, James, factory operative, VIII, 134
Carlton, Charles W., association ist, VII, 245
Carlton, Frank T., Economic Influences upon Educational Progress
in the United States, V, 27, 28
Carmichael, Hiram, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 144,
145, 146, 148, 149, I5L 152, 154. 157
Carnes, William, cordwainer, VI, 317, 330
Carolina Centinel, The, cited, II, 87, 90, 92
1 84 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Carpen.
Carpenter, Richard, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 256, 277
Carpenter, Thomas, III, 252
Carpenters: Bloomingdale union, VIII, 287; contract, II, 275;
convention, VI, 312; convict labor, V, 54; cost of living, VI,
55; demand on frontier, I, 340; II, 174-175; grievances, VI,
54-57. 78; hours of labor, V, 80-83, 252; incorporation, II, 371-
372; international union, IX, 373-375; masters' hostility to
union, VI, 50-54, 76-77; national convention, VI, 193; negro,
II, 38; strike, V, 75, 83-84, 203, 208, 276, 279, 328; VI, 50-57,
73. 76-77, 78, 79-81; VIII, 314; strike resolutions of masters,
VI, 76-77, 79-8i; unemployment, VI, 55; wages, II, 30, 174,
275; V, 203, 205; VI, 50, 78, 86; see also Trade unions, Cabi-
net-makers
Carr, Hon. — , VI, 140, 144
Carr, Isaac, negro trader, II, 47
Carr, James, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
Carr, Matthew, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Carr, Thomas, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 100, 130-131
Carran, James, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 174
Carrol, Patrick, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 358,
359
Carroll, B. R., Historical Collections of South Carolina, II, 174-
176
Carter, Hon. — , VIII, 151 ; X, 50
Carter, Landon, Diary, I, 300, 324, 326; II, 33"34
Carter, Robert, plantation records, I, 130-13 1, 300, 324-325, 326-
328; II, 3H
Cartmen : society, VIII, 302 ; wages, VII, 48
Cartularies, French, I, 27
Cary, Hon. Samuel F., IX, 205, 232, 259, footnote
Casey, William, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
Casham, James, delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VIII, 316, 317, 320, 324
Cashman, William, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 126
( hambm] INDEX 185
Cassainc, Matthias, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 181
Cassedy, David [Daniel?], defendant, trial Pittsburgh Cord-
wainers, IV, 18, 34, 51, 54
Caswell, — , professor, IX, 75
Catawba River, II, 310, 311
hrrs. William: National Labor Union, committee member, IX,
136; corresponding representative, IX, 194; delegate, IX, 129,
169; on negro labor, IX, 187; on political action, IX, 137; vice
president, IX, 129
Catlett, John, mechanic, II, 370, footnote
Cattle: care, I, no; scientific feeding, VII, 303, footnote
Caulkers: demoralization of union, IX, 199; negro, IX, 158
Cavan, James M., delegate to New York State Industrial Legisla-
ture, VIII, 316
Cavis, A. T: National Labor Union, delegate, IX, 197, 230; im-
migration policy, IX, 221 ; on admission of Mrs. Elizabeth Cady
Stanton, IX, 198; on statistical census, IX, 240-241; political
policy, IX, 204; protective policy, IX, 221 ; vice president, IX,
242
Central labor union: definition, V, 21 ; see also Trades' Assemblies
Ceresco, Wisconsin, see Fourierism, phalanx
Chace, Benjamin T., member Fall River Mechanics' Association,
VIII, 91
Chadbourne, Seth, delegate to Trades' Convention, Boston, VI, 91
Chaffee, Samuel, IV, Supp., 57-58
Chairmakers, letter to New York General Trades' Union, V, 233-
234
Chalmer, Thomas D., delegate to New England Workingmen's
Association, VIII, HO
Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, Seventh Annual
Report, 1864-1865, cited, IX, 74-76
Chamberlain, Edwin M., delegate to National Labor Union, IX,
272
Chamberlain, F., member American Emigrant Company, IX, 75
Chamberlain, Lewis J., witness, trial .Twenty-four Journeymen
Tailors, IV, 100, 107, no, 115, 119, 120-124, '45. 146, 148,
1 >9. 205, 210-212
Chambers, — , delegate to Patrons of Husbandry, X, 127
1 86 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Chamb.
Chambers, James M., Essay on the Treatment and Cultivation of
Cotton, I, 276-280
Chambers, Richard A., delegate to New York City Industrial
Congress, VIII, 302
Chambers, W. H., Master State Grange, Alabama, X, 85
Chambers, William, Things as they are in America, cited, II, 71
Champetry, IV, 79
Champion, Samuel, land reformer, VIII, 28
Chandler, D. H., land reformer, VIII, 53, 55, 58
Chandler, Hon. Joseph R., speech, VIII, 65-66
Channing, W. S., associationist, VII, 205
Channing, William H: addresses association, VII, 189-201; hours
of labor, VIII, 83, 112; labor reform, VIII, 126; aids co-opera-
tive store, VIII, 282 ; director American Union of Association-
ists, VII, 205; father Brook Farm, VII, 148; land reform con-
vention, VIII, 25; letter, VII, 241, 245
Chapman, Hon. R. A., IX, 75
Charcoal, manufacture, II, 306
Charleston City Gazette, The, cited, I, 251, 252; II, 57, 58, 70,
176, 343, 347, 354
Charleston Evening Gazette, The, cited, II, 117, 351
Charleston Mercury, The, cited, II, 176
Charleston Morning Post and Daily Advertiser, The, cited, II, 343
Charleston News, The, cited, II, 341
Charleston Observer, The, cited, II, 90
Charlevoix, F., II, 248
Charters, see Monopoly
Chase, D. T., X, 136
Chase, Phillip, delegate to Ten-hour Convention, VIII, 114
Chase, Hon. Salmon P., IX, 75
Chase, W: associationist, VII, 206, 273, 282, footnote; letter, 282-
284
Chatahoochie River, II, 268
Chatfield, Hiel, II, 370, footnote
Chatham Society, I, 20
Cheese, price, II, 314
Cherokees, see Indians
Chew, Joseph, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, VI, 35
Clark]
INDEX
I87
Child labor: attitude of trades unions, VI, 209; competition of,
V, 35; cotton mills, II, 331 ; V, 61, 63-65, 197; education, V,
58, 59. 6a, 198, 334 : VI, 221 ; factory operatives, V, 57-66. 195-
199. 333 ; hours of labor, V, 59, 60,61,64-65,66, 196-197 ; VIII,
318; Massachusetts, V, 57-61; New Jersey, V, 63-66, 258;
Pennsylvania, V, 61-63, 332-333? strike, V, 63, 65, 66; wages,
V, 64, 65
Childs, B. G., association isr, VII, 245, 248
Chitty, — , Criminal Law, cited, IV, 160, 293
Cholera: outbreaks, I, 141, 217, 218, 3 1 5-3 18; victims, I, 318
Christler, Jacob, III, 62
Christy, Robert, master cordwaincrs, III, 105
Chronopress printers, see Printers
Church, A., association ist, VII, 276
Church of Humanity, VIII, 288, 294, 296
Churchwell, William L., delegate to New York General Trades'
Union, V, 318
Cigarmakers: conspiracy, IX, 200; convention, VIII, 343-346;
prison labor, V, 54; trade agreement, VIII, 343-346; union,
New York City, VIII, 288, 301 ; wages, VIII, 345
Cincinnati Times, The, cited, II, 143
City Centrals, see Trades' Assemblies
Claflin, Tennessee, editor, IX, 352
Clapp, Henry, delegate to New England Workingmen's Associa-
tion, VIII, no, 114, 119
Clapp, J. W., member Chinese Labor Convention, IX, 83
Clapp, William S., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 303
Clark, — , defendant, trial Baltimore Weavers, IV, 269
Clark, Abraham, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 175
Clark, C. C, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 127, 132, 137
Clark, Cornelius, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V,289
Clark, Darius, State Prison inspector, VIII, 323
Clark, George, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, VI, 69
Clark, Hon. George R., VIII, 151, 288
Clark, Isaac F., delegate to New York State Industrial Legisla-
ture, VIII, 316
188 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Clark
Clark, Jacob, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Clark, Jeremiah W., V, 221, 236, 247
Clark, John, juror, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 61 ; VIII,
147
Clark, Dr. John B., I, 21, 33-53
Clark, Nathaniel, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 144
Clark, Olive J., factory operative, VIII, 137, 138, 147
Clark, S. F., overseer, I, 126
Clark, Samuel W., petition, VIII, 133, 141
Clark, Seth T., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 219, 269
Clark, W. H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196, 214,
231
Clarke, — , delegate to Union Trade Convention of District of
Columbia, VI, 129
Clarke, George P., delegate to New York State Industrial Legis-
lature, VIII, 321, 326
Clarke, James, mechanic, II, 369
Clarke, Joseph L., associationist, VII, 205
Clarke, Peter H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 259
Clarkson, G. G., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 224
Clarridge, Lloyd, delegate to Union Trade Society, Baltimore,
VI, 108
Clay, Hon. Cassius M., VIII, 26
Clay, Henry, VII, 160
Claypoole, David C, juror, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 62
Clayton, — , weaver, VI, 180
Clayton, Samuel, weaver, IV, Supp., 54
Clayton, Stephen, master cordwainer, III, 105
Cleeton [Clayton?], Samuel, weaver, IV, Supp., 100
Clement, C, associationist, VII, 187
Clephane, James, printer, VI, 347, 350, 352, 353
Cline, Isaac, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 127, 132
Clinton, Hon. DeWitt, III, 252, 261
Clinton, Henry, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 183
Clopper, F. C, tailor, I, 375
Collins] INDEX 189
Closed shop, cordwaincrs, III, 70, 73, 94, 95
Cluer, J. C, delegate to Ten-hour Convention, VIII, 115, 116,
117
Coach painters, see Trade unions
Coal: price, II, 313; Virginia, II, 179-180
Cobb, Howell, plantation correspondence, I, 167-173, 174-182
Cobb, Mrs. Howell, plantation correspondence, I, 173-174, 175,
182; 11,38
Coddington, Edward, delegate to New England Industrial League,
VIII, 326, 327
Codfish, price, V, 137
Codwise, David, attorney, III, 363
Coffee, John, land agent, II, 267
Coffin, Allen, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 258, 259,
260, 265, 269
Coffin, Charles H., treasurer New Bedford Association, VII, 205
"Coffin handbill," V, 206, 317-318
Coggins, Paschal, associationist, VII, 205; VIII, 28
Cogswell, L. D., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128, 134
Cogswell, William, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 230,
258, 261, 265, 270
Coke, Sir Edward, III, 186; IV, 80
Colburn, C. Walter, printer, VII, 131 ; VIII, 303
Colden, — , attorney ( ?), Ill, 359, 361, 374-375
Cole, David R., runaway apprentice, V, 69
Cole, John, mechanic, II, 369
Cole, William P., master hatter, VI, 107
Coles, — , delegate to Ten-hour Convention, VIII, 93
Colgrove, J. E., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Coll, P. M., clerk, II, 164
Collection de Documents inedits sur I'histoire de France, I, 20
Collier, Benjamin, carpenter, II, 371
Colliers: advice to immigrants, VII, 65; return to England, VII,
50
Colliff, William, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
Collins, Edward, associationist, VII, 245
190 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Collins
Collins, Henry W., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
Collins, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 257, 265
Collins, John A., associationist, VII, 181 ; VIII, 26, III, 112
Collins, Peter, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 358, 384
Colman, David, witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
86
Colony, William, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288
Coltman, Robert, delegate to Union Trade Convention of District
of Columbia, VI, 138
Columbian Centinel, cited, V, 192; VI, 76-81
Columbus Argus, The, cited, II, 254
Colvin, — , delegate to Pittsburgh Workingmen's Congress, VIII,
333
Comb-makers: V, 351 ; see also Trade unions
Combe, Dr. Andrew, VIII, 165
Combinations: definition, IV, Supp., 111; legality, IV, 254; V,
294; see also Conspiracy, Trade unions
Commercial, The, VIII, 59
Commercial Advertiser, The, quoted, VIII, 32-38
Commerford, John: address, VI, 183, 221-223; land policy, VI,
240; New England Workingmen's Association, delegate, VIII,
91 ; New York General Trades' Union, committee member, V,
223, 231, 233, 236, 239, 240, 242, 243, 246, 249, 251, 253, 257,
264, 265, 274, 278, 281, 284, 293, 295, 296, 299; delegate of
chairmakers and gilders, V, 275 ; delegate to Philadelphia, V, 265 ;
orator, V, 250, 251; president, V, 262; New York City In-
dustrial Congress delegate, VIII, 288, 302; National Trades'
Union, committee member, VI, 199, 200, 231, 237, 239, 246,
251, 263, 269, 270, 272, 275, 276, 298, 299; delegate, VI, 196,
197, 265; resolutions, VI, 199-200, 255-256; secretary, VI, 204,
228; treasurer, V, 252, 266
Commons, Clara, acknowledgments to, III, 17
Commons, John R: American Shoemakers, III, 119; director Am-
erican Bureau of Industrial Research, I, 22, 23 ; editor-in-chief
Documentary History of American Industrial Society, III, 15-17,
19-58; V, 19-37, 75-79, I4I-I45, 185-187, 203-207, 325-328;
Connolly] INDEX 191
VI, 73-75. I9I-I93, 3"-3i3; VII, 19-44. 147-150, 182; VIII,
21-33, 81-84, 213-216; IX, 19-51, 277-278, 351-352; Races and
Immigrants, IX, 46, footnote
Communism, see Association, Fourierism. Land reform, Owenism
Community System, see Association, Fourierism
Company store : II, 306 ; see also Store order system
Competition : cause, VI, 295 ; affected by railroads, V, 32 ; associa-
tionist's view, VIII, 103; child labor, V, 35; cordwainers, V,
29-30; VIII, 234-236; effect, VII, 49, 56, 59; extension of com-
petitive area, V, 33; VII, ioo-ioi ; increase, VI, 106; VII, 301 ;
VIII, 272; negro labor, II, 360-368; VII, 60-61; planter and
farmer, I, 89, 93; printers, VI, 343-346; relation to labor
movement, V, 25 ; shoemakers, VI, 29-30; view of Robert Owen,
VII, 164; women, V, 35; IX, 156; see also Convict labor
Comstock, John O., delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 146,
152
Comstock, Nathan, Jr., delegate to associationists* convention, VII,
188
Comyons [Cummings?], James, witness, Commonwealth vs. Pul-
lis, III, 67, 89
Conde, Jacob, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 195
Confectioners, see Trade unions
Congar, William, delegate to National Cordwainers' convention,
VI, 318, 325
Congdon, William, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 165,
168, 170, 172
Con goes, see Negroes
Congressional Globe, cited, VIII, 22, 62-64, 65-78; IX, 259, foot-
note
Conlan, Arthur, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 289
Connecticut Courant, cited, V, 109
Connell, William, cordwainer, VI, 317
Connolly, A., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Connolly, Edward, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
Connolly, Richard, cordwainer, VI, 317
i92 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Connor
Connor, John, witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
3i,32,53»65,69, 72-74,90
Connor, Simon, mechanic, III, 368
Conrad, J., delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, VI, 68
Conservation of natural resources, IX, 47-48
Conspiracy: advice regarding, II, 116, 117; cordwainers, III, 69,
102; criminality, III, 135; definition, III, 69, 141, 210; IV,
24-25, 77, 160, 199, 200, 318, 321; IV, Supp., no; evils, IV,
81 ; illegality, IV, 292, 337; kinds, IV, 335; law, III, 243, 246;
IX, 232, 238; negro, I, 100-101 ; II, 99-118, 128, 150, 248-249;
New York decision, IV, 320; proof, IV, Supp., 114; prosecu-
tions, III, 187 ; tailors, V, 315 ; see also Conspiracy trials
Conspiracy trials: I, 26; American cases cited - bricklayers,
IX, 200; cigarmakers, IX, 200; Collins vs. Commonwealth,
IV, 233; Commonwealth vs. John Carlisle, IV, 162, 232; Com-
monwealth vs. Johnson, IV, 76; Commonwealth vs. Morrow,
IV, 202; Journeymen Cordwainers of Hudson, V, 375; Lam-
bert, IV, 300; Maryland vs. Powley, III, 249-250; New
York Cordwainers, IV, 77, 78, 94, 162, 177, 178; New York
tailors, IV, 307, 310; Ontario county shoemakers, IV, 310,
318, 320; People vs. Fisher, IV, 289, 307; People vs. Mel-
vin, IV, 205 ; Philadelphia cordwainers, IV, 63, 77, 256 ; Pitts-
burg cordwainers, IV, 161; Raybold and Frostevant, IX, 200;
slander, III, 131, footnote; Baltimore weavers, IV, 269-272;
attorneys, IV, 272 ; indictment, IV, 269 ; verdict, IV, 272
British cases cited - Arthur vs. commissioners of sewers of
Yorkshire, III, 190; confederacy, IV, 59; Hart vs. Aldridge, III,
221; Journeymen Tailors of Cambridge, IV, 294; King vs.
Cope, III, 321 ; King vs. Delaval, III, 321 ; King vs. Eccles, III,
315, 333, 334, 335 ; King vs. Harris, III, 315 ; King vs. Home,
III, 334; King vs. James Harris, III, 194; King vs. "journeymen
taylors of Cambridge," III, 192, 325, 333; King vs. Kemberty
and North, IV, 57 ; King vs. Mason, III, 335 ; King vs. Smith
and others, III, 194; King vs. Sterling and others, IV, 57 ; King
vs. Waddington, III, 315: Priddle's Case, III, 246; Regina VS.
Best, IV, 233; Rex vs. Alderman Sterling, III, 285, 326; Rex
vs. Bake, III, 239; Rex vs. Bate, III, 147 ; Rex vs. Bathurst, III,
238 ; Rex vs. Crisp, III, 292 ; Rex vs. Elizabeth Salmon, III, 147,
Constitution] INDKX 193
237 ; Rex rx.Gask, III, 239 ; R« vs. Hammond, III, 376 ; Rex.w.
Hide, III, 239; Rex vs. Jopson, III, 239; Rex vs. Kimberly, III,
285, 316; Rex vs. Locker, III, 376; Rex vs. Mawbey, III, 376;
Rex vs. Rispal, III, 376; Rex vs. Salter, III, 376; Rex vs. Smith,
III. 292 ; Rex vs. Storr, III, 147; The Tubwomen vs. The Brew-
ers of London, III, 286
Reports of coses - Buffalo tailors, IV, 93-95; Chambers-
burg Shoemakers, IV, 273; Commonwealth vs. Moore, IV, 99-
264; Cordwainers of Baltimore, III, 249; Cordwainers of New
York -III, 251-385; charge to jury, III, 382-385; indictment,
III, 252-256; summary, III, 361-362; verdict, III, 385; Cord-
wainers of Philadelphia - attorneys, III, 61; indictment, III,
62-67; j«ry. HI, 62; verdict, III, 236; Felix Campbell vs.
Thomas O'Daniel, IV, 265; Geneva shoemakers, III, 116;
Hudson shoemakers - address of district attorney, IV, 309;
charge to jury, IV, 310-312; indictment, IV, 277-279; judges,
IV, 277; jury, IV, 279; verdict, IV, 312; Kennedy vs. Treillou,
IV, 265-268; People or. Cooper, IV, 272-312; People vs. Faulk-
ner, IV, 315-333; People vs. Mclvin, III, 251; Philadelphia
plasterers - IV, 335-34* ; charge to jury, IV, 335-338; indict-
ment, IV, 338; verdict, IV, 341; Philadelphia spinners -IV,
265-268; address of judge, IV, 267-268; attorneys, IV, 265;
Philadelphia tailors - agreement, IV, 253 ; recorder's charge,
IV, 247; verdict, IV, 264; Thompsonville Carpet weavers -
IV, 314; attorneys, IV, Supp., 115; judge, IV, Supp., 16; jury,
IV, Supp., 16; verdict, IV, Supp., 114; Thompsonville Carpet
Manufacturing Company vs. William Taylor, IV, 314; William
Taylor vs. the Thompsonville Carpet Manufacturing Company,
IV, Supp., 126-136; Pittsburg Cordwainers - IV, 16-89; in-
dictment, IV, 18-23; judges, IV, 17; verdict, IV, 87; records,
III, 17; slander, III, 131, footnote; Thompsonville Carpet
Weavers, IV, Supp., 15-136; Twenty Journeymen Tailors -
charge to jury, IV, 317-318, 320-325; indictment, IV, 315, 319;
sentence, IV, 327*333; verdict, IV, 318, 325, 332; Twenty-four
Journeymen Tailors, indictment, IV, 102-105
Constant, Hon. — , VIII, 51
Constitution of the Trades' Union of the City and County of Phila-
delphia, V, 342-348
194 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Contem.
Contempt of court, II, 287 ; III, 83
Contract: carpenters, II, 275; fencing, II, 276; overseers, I, 122-
126; II, 315
Contract labor: VIII, 318-319, 323 ; Scotch, I, 355-356; IV, Supp.,
29, 49, 59, 78, 120; see also Convict Labor, Immigration
Convery, Patrick, V, 56
Convict labor : blacksmiths, V, 54 ; carpenters, V, 54 ; cigar-makers,
V, 54; colonial, I, 339-340; competition, V, 35; cordwainers'
report, V, 53-56; dressers, V, 53; dyers, V, 53, 54; effect, V,
35. 5"i> 52-53, 230; IX, 122; importation, II, 52; legislation,
New York, VIII, 322-323; memorial to Congress, VI, 128; op-
position of free, VIII, 225 ; resolutions of laborers, VIII, 225 ;
resolutions of New York State Industrial Legislature, VIII,
320; runaways, I, 346-347; shoemakers, V, 53, 54"55; spoolers,
V, 54; transportation, I, 372, 373; wages, V, 327; warpers, V,
54; weavers, V, 53, 54; wheelwrights, V, 54; winders, V, 54;
women, I, 346; wool pickers, V, 54; see also National Labor
Union, Redemptioners
Conway, Edward, defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen
Tailors, IV, 101, 108, 118, 120, 128, 168
Conyers, John, witness, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 103,
105
Cook, Cortland C, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 158
Cook, George O., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 170, 183
Cook, John, mechanic, II, 370, footnote
Cook, John F., printer, VI, 347
Cooke, David A., president Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 336, 337, 338
Cooke, Joseph J., associationist, VII, 205
Cooks, plantation, I, 120
Cooper, Francis, juror, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 102
Cooper, G. T., plantation letter, I, 336-337
Cooper, George G., delegate New York State Industrial Legisla-
ture, VIII, 325
Cooper, H. D., delegate to Baltimore Trades' Union, VI, 115, 237
Cooper, Isaac, delegate to Ten-hour Convention, VIII, 94, 95,
140, 145
Cooperation] INDEX 195
Cooper, John W: National Labor Union, committee member, IX,
140; delegate, IX, 128, 129; political policy, IX, 1*7
Cooper, Jonathan H., defendant. People vs. Cooper, IV, 277
Cooper, Peter, resolutions, IX, 241
Cooperation: g eneral - argument favoring, VI, 62-65; Cincin-
nati, V, 124-129; conference of Philadelphia trades, VI, 62-65;
convention, V, 328; VI, 58-65; VIII, 119-122; early efforts, V,
328; English, VIII, 214; IX, 148-149; farmers, X, 61-63;
foundry, VIII, 310, 311-314; greenback doctrine, IX, 33-39;
hatters, VI, 58; importance to labor, IX, 148, 151, 182; loan
fund, V, 384; moulders, VIII, 309-314; negroes, VII, 96-99;
opposition in trade unions, VI, 60-61, 63; paper-makers, VIII,
327; printers, VII, 129-130; progress, VI, 58-62; report of
National Trades' Union, VI, 298-299; resolution of Interna-
tional Industrial Assembly, IX, 122; saddlers and harness-mak-
ers, VI, 58; shoemakers, III, 40; V, 367, 368; VI, 59; VIII,
327 ; store, V, 124-129; VI, 59; VIII, 300; substitute for strikes,
V, 34; tailors, V, 296; VI, 58; VIII, 281-285, 300, 309; Josiah
Warren - letter, V, 133-134; scheme of cooperation, V, 78-79;
weavers, VI, 58-59; IX, 148-149
Organizations - American Protective Union, VIII, 215;
Boston Mechanics' and Laborers' Association, VIII, 263-265;
Boston Tailors' Association, VIII, 279-285; Colored Teachers'
Cooperative Association, VIII, 288; Cooperative Magazine, V,
124-129; Cooperative Trade Association, VI, 58; Economical
Exchange Association, VIII, 288; J. P. Cooperative Association,
IX, 197; Ladies' Cordwainers' Cooperative Association, VI, 59;
Mechanics' and Tradesmen's Permanent Building Association,
IX, 197; Mutual Labor Association, VIII, 327; Printers' Co-
operative Company, VIII, 326; Producers' Exchange of Labour
for Labour Association, V, 129-135; Seamstresses' Cooperative
Society, VIII, 327; Workingmen's League, VIII, 327; Work-
ingmen's Protective Union - American, VIII, 215; Boston,
VIII, 82, 214, 265, 267; constitution, VIII, 267-272 ; exchanges,
VIII, 272-274; Manchester, VIII, 122; nature, VIII, 215-216;
New England, convention, VIII, 326-331 ; report of divisions,
VIII, 274-279; Supreme Division, VIII, 275; New York, VIII,
27, 215, 285, 287; address, VIII, 305-307; Workingwomen's
196 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Cooper.
Co-operation (continued) —
Cooperation, IX, 259 ; see also Association, Fourierism, National
Labor Union, Patrons of Husbandry
Co-operator, The, cited, V, 192, 195
Coopers: Boston Guild, III, 21-22; demand, I, 340; incorpora-
tion, III, 22; plantation, I, 263; strike, V, 352; see also Trade
unions
Copeland, Samuel, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, VI, 54
Copper, mines, II, 247
Copping, — , delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
336
Coppinger, William, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 301
Corbin, Richard, instructions to overseers, I, 109-112
Cordwainers, see Shoemakers
Corn: cultivation, I, 93, III, 112, 114, 133, 167, 210, 217, 220,
221, 228, 231-244, 331-333; Price, II, 194, 195, 257
Cornell, William H., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 303
Corner Stone, The, cited, II, 358
Corporations: evils, VII, 142; franchises, X, 44; manufacturing,
VII, 138; see also Monopoly
Corwin, Daniel, witness, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 362
Corvvin, James, plaintiff, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 256
Cosack, William, defendant, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 252
Cost of living: carpenters, Philadelphia, VIII, 314-315; cause of
strikes, V, 34; general, V, 327; VI, 48; VII, 31, 48-49, 75;
groceries, VIII, 314-315; IX, 67, 69-70, 70-71; influence of
paper money, V, 35; iron workers, II, 309; IX, 70-71; me-
chanics' boarding houses, VII, 75 ; printers, New York, IX, 67-
69, 69-70 ; relation to wages, V, 34 ; shoemakers, Pittsburgh, IV,
51-52; see also Prices
Cotter, Michael, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Cotton: amount produced, X, 84; bags, I, 128; II, 339; cultiva-
tion, I, 115, 195-203, 271-275, 276-280; diseases, I, 272; dyeing,
II, 328; Essay on Cultivation, I, 276-280; extent of cultivation,
I, 283-289; factories, II, 302-303, 330-331, 332-334. 335, 338-
Cox) INDEX 197
339. 358; V. 196-197. 33U VII, 50; gin, description, I, 273;
effect, I, 45, 85; "King Cotton," I, 283-292; land, II, 251, 255;
Louisiana, I, 86; manufactures, II, 301; marketing, I, 273,
330; Memoir on Cotton, see Seabrook (Whitemarsh. B.);
moting, I, 273; packing, I, 279; picking, I, 279; Piedmont, I,
85-86; plantations, management, I, 109-193; products, I, 92;
profits, I, 178-179; II. 197; records.1, 109-193, 195-208,231-244,
252-254; routine, I, 195-203; rules, I, 1 12-1 15 ; seed, I, 128, 271,
footnote, 331 ; spinning and weaving, I, 187-189, 191-193, 231,
334; II, 328; types, I, 92-98, 252-254; prices, I, 86-87, 179, 180,
273, 288; II, 74, 192; varieties, I, 271, footnote; kidney-seed,
I, 271 ; Nankin, I, 270; sea-island, cultivation, I, 271-275; intro-
duction, I, 85, 266-271 ; task labor, I, 272, 273, 275; transporta-
tion, I, 283-289; development, I, 85-86; extent, I, 89-90; finan-
cial depression, I, 290-292; railway connections, I, 90; settle-
ment, I, 87 ; systems of industry, see Plantation, gang labor, task
labor, etc. ; see also Slave labor
Cotton Planters' Manual, The, see Turner (J. A.)
Coulson, — , delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
338
Coulter, John Lee, Organization among Farmers, X, 39, footnote
Counterfeiter, II, 181
"Country marks," see Negroes
Courts, reform demanded, V, 162-163
Covenhoven, Christian, master cordwainer, III, 256
Covington, Alexander, planter, II, 201, 206
Covington, Leonard: biography, II, 201, 209; letters, II, 201, 203,
205, 206, 209, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217
Covington, Leven, diary, I, 231-244
Cowell, R. W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 170, 175,
194
Cowles, A. M., delegate to New England Workingmen's Associa-
tion, VIII, 108, no
Cowperthwaite, — , master plasterer, IV, 339
Cowton, — , delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
343
Cox, — , delegate to New England Workingmen's Association,
VIII, 93, 105, 108
198 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Cox
Cox, Byerly G., VI, 44
Cox, William M., associationist, VII, 276
Cozzens, Benjamin, merchant, VII, 50
"Crackers," see Georgia
Craig, Andrew, carpenter, VI, 337, 340
Craig, James, deposition, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
99-100
Craig, Robert, redemptioner, II, 327
Cram, Noah H., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 250, 256
Cramer, Henry N., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 230
Cramer, Thomas, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Crandall, Alonzo, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 158
Crane, N. H., delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
256
Crans, William J., member Philadelphia Mechanics' Union, V,
123
Crap, Nicholas, master cordwainer, III, 105
Crasto, Moses E., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 303
Crate, Henry J : New York City Industrial Congress - committee
member, VIII, 285 ; delegate, VIII, 289; resolutions, VIII, 291 ;
secretary, VIII, 287, 290; New York Printers - report on
wages, VII, 109-13 1
Crawford, James, witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
39
Crawford, Nelson, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288, 300
Crawford, Valentine, letter, I, 344-345
Creeks, see Indians
Creser, T., delegate to Union Trades' Convention of District of
Columbia, VI, 121, 123
Creswell, Robert, mechanic, II, 370, footnote
Crews, Toliver O., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 258
Crier, — , delegate to Ten-hour Convention, VIII, 94
Crime: frontier, II, 287; jury's duty, IV, 321 ; negro, II, 1 18-125,
152, 155, 295; redemptioner, I, 357-365
Crumbach] INDEX 1 99
Crocker, Hans, land reformer, VIII, 54, 56
Croley, David G., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 338, 340, 34i
Cronlcy, E., acknowledgments to, VI, 256
Crook, William, witness, trial Philadelphia Spinners, IV, 267
Crooker, Richard, printer, VII, 131
Crosbie, Peter, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 336,
337
Crosby, David G., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
Crosby, James, weaver, IV, Supp., 54, 56
Croser, T., delegate to Trades' Union Convention of District of
Columbia, VI, 119
Crosley, John [James?], witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV,
Supp., 86, 93, 94
Croslin, see Crossin
Crossfield, Edmund, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169,
192
Crossin [Croslin, Crosson?], John: National Trades' Union, com-
mittee member, VI, 199, 204, 270, 277, 278, 291, 304; delegate.
V, 382, 383; VI, 196, 197, 265; motion, VI, 266, 268, 277;
report on female labor, VI, 281-291 ; report on ten-hour system,
VI, 299-304; resolutions, VI, 267, 273; Philadelphia General
Trades' Union - chairman, V, 353; committee member, V, 385;
motion, V, 352; president, V, 388; resolution, V, 373, 374;
"What is the Trades' Union ?", V, 389-392
Croull [Crowl?], Peter, VI, 130, 138
Crous, W. M., defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 108, 119, 128, 132, 156, 168
Crowell, H., letter, II, 357
Crowell, J. B., cordwainer, VI, 318, 320
Crowell, Lyman, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 168
Crown Circuit Companion, cited, III, 315
Crowne, Thomas P., member Knights of Labor, X, 28, footnote
Crugier, J. J., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
337
Crukshank, James, juror, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 62
Crumbach, — , weaver, III, 91
200
AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Crussell
Crussell, William, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Crux, Charles, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288, 300
Crygier, David, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 196-199
Crygier, John, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
231
Cuba, exports, I, 92
Cubbage, James, juror, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 17
Cuddy, Lorenzo, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
265
Cullington, Thomas, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 230,
239
Cumberland, Richard, letter, I, 354-355
Cummings, James, cordwainer, III, 32
Cummings, James, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Cummings, Samuel P: account of National Colored Labor Con-
vention, IX, 243-247 ; delegate to National Labor Reform Party,
IX, 272; National Labor Union, delegate, IX, 228, 243; on
admission of negroes, IX, 260, 261 ; on admission of Susan B.
Anthony, IX, 231 ; political policy, IX, 265
Cunningham, A. F: delegate to Industrial Congress, VIII, 26;
editor of The W ashingtonian, VI, 127, 129; National Trades'
Union, committee member, VI, 348, 350; Washington Trades'
Union, committee member, VI, 126; resolutions favoring, VI,
129-130; resolutions presented, VI, 128; withdrawal, VI, 129,
135
Cunningham, Charles, weaver, IV, Supp., 32
Cunningham, E. B., land reformer, VIII, 28
Cunningham, John C, delegate to New York General Trades'
Union, V, 277, 295, 298
Curley, John, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
248, 264
Curran, — , Forensic Eloquence, cited, III, 223
Curran, John A., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 258
Curran, William W., carpenter, VI, 346, 347, 348, 350
Currie, Richard, weaver, IV, Supp., 43, 79-80
Daniels] INDEX 201
Currier, — , delegate to Ten-hour Convention, VIII, 122
Currier, John, delegate to General Trades' Convention, Boston,
VI, 90
Curriers: advice to immigrants, VII, 65; employers' association, V,
309-311 ; strike, VI, 185; sec also Trade unions
Curry, Daniel, juror, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 17
Curtis, F., History 0/ the Republican Party, VII, 37, footnote
Curtis, Josiah, physician: report on evils from working in non-
ventilated rooms, VIII, 161, 102, 106, 168; gives summation,
VIII, 187
Curtiss, Daniel S., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 259
Cusachs, Gaspard, II, 197
Cushman, John, carpenter, V, 280
Custom order: III, 38; "bespoke work," III, 86; VII, 66; "export
work," III, 34; "market work," III, 31-32; shoemakers, IV, 50
Cuthbert, Alexander, indentured servant, I, 353
Cutler, — , defendant, trial Baltimore Weavers, IV, 269
Cutting, Robert Fulton, I, 21
Cuttle, Edward, printer, VII, 131
Cuyler, J. M., rejected by Trades' Union Convention of District
of Columbia, VI, 128
Dallas, E., delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, VI, 69
Dallas, James, witness, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 53-54, 55
Daly, James, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII,
302, 337
Daly, John, defendant, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 252
Daly, O. B., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 228, 231, 261
Daly, Timothy, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
260
Dalzell, A., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 136, 137
Dams, II, 311
Dana, Charles A: Associationists' Convention, committee member,
VII, 188, 189, 245 ; director, VII, 205 ; vice president, VII, 188;
delegate to Industrial Congress, VIII, 26; New England Work-
ingmen's Association, address, VIII, no; committee member,
VIII, 107, no
Daniels, Henry: Albany General Trades' Union, committee mem-
202 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Daniels
Daniels, Henry (continued) —
ber, VI, 149, 152, 169, 171 ; constitutional amendment proposed,
VI, 166; delegate, VI, 148, 168; expulsion, VI, 173; financial
troubles, VI, 1 71-172, 173
Daniels, William, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 270
Darden, — , delegate to Patrons of Husbandry, X, 128
Darnes, W., delegate to Baltimore Trades' Union, VI, 115
Darragh, John, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 265,
269, 274
Darrell, Ed., agent, II, 305
Davidson, J. M., Four Precursors of Henry George, VII, 30,
footnote
Davidson, William, witness, II, 141
Davie, — , delegate to Patrons of Husbandry, X, 1 19
Davies, — , association ist, VII, 181
Davis, Governor — , V, 187
Davis, Abraham B., address before Laborers' Union Association,
VIII, 225
Davis, Charles A: New York General Trades' Union, committee
member, V, 239, 242, 251, 257, 270-274; delegate, V, 238, 261 ;
director of newspaper, V, 293 ; resolutions, V, 295-296
Davis, David : National Labor Reform Party, nominated for presi-
dent, IX, 272; resignation, IX, 273
Davis, Ed. M: National Labor Union, delegate, IX, 230, 258,
270; delegate to National Labor Reform Party, IX, 272
Davis, G., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
337
Davis, Ira B: delegate to Industrial Congress, VIII, 27; New
York City Industrial Congress, committee member, VIII, 285 ;
delegate, VIII, 287; Protective Union Labor Association, ad-
dress, VIII, 305-307 J agent, VIII, 305
Davis, James, defendant, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 18, 28,
34; V, 281
Davis, James M., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 336, 337
Davis, John, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V, 276
Davis, John M., editor National Labor Tribune, X, 33
Dcgrass] INDEX 203
Davis, O., delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VIII, 316
Davis, Samuel, cordwainer, VI, 317, 320
U.tvis, Thomas H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 259
Dawes, Rufus, associatiunist, VII, 200
Daws, Thomas, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 176
Dawson, William, juror, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 17
Day, A. W., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII,
289
Day, Horace H : National Labor Reform Party, delegate, IX, 272;
nominated for president, IX, 273; National Labor Union, dele-
gate, IX, 270 ; motions, IX, 337, 338 ; negro labor, IX, 239 ; reso-
lutions, IX, 340; vice president, IX, 271
Day, Parsons E., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 287, 288, 303
Day, Samuel, delegate to Newark Trades' Unions, VI, 180
Day, Spencer, delegate to Patrons of Husbandry, X, 82
Daylies, Hannah, indentured servant, I, 352
Daylies, William, indentured servant, I, 352
Dean, Gilbert C, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288, 300
Dean, Joseph, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
225
Dearmond, William, mechanic, II, 370, footnote
Deblois, James, delegate to General Trades' Convention, Boston,
VI, 91
Debt: exemptions, V, 27; imprisonment, V, 28-29, 131, 160, 161 ;
New York, V, 151 ; planters, I, 321, 322; II, 52, 204; position
of labor, V, 28-29
Debuchy, D., member International Workingmen's Association,
IX, 36b
Decker, James P., associationist, VII, 188, 200; VIII, 27
Dederer, Joseph, juror, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 362
Deeton, George L., delegate to Trades' Union Convention of Dis-
trict of Columbia, VI, 130
Defries, Kenneth, defendant, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 277,
287
Degrass, Jeremiah, cordwainer, V, 69
204 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Deitz
Deitz, Andrew: Albany General Trades' Union, committee mem-
ber, VI, 149; delegate, VI, 144; president, VI, 145; resignation,
VI, 157; Andrew Deitz vs. John Tate, V, 67-69; Saddlers'
Union, motion, VI, 139; secretary, VI, 140
Delameter, John, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 270, 271, 274
Delany, John, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Delany, Matthew, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
Delany, W. D., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 258, 269,
270
Delaware Free Press, cited, V, 94
Delay, David, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 259
Delong, Jonathan, defendant, trial Twenty Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 326; V, 257
Democracy: frontier, I, 76; immigration, I, 52; type, I, 41
Democratic Review, VIII, 34
Democratic Press, cited, V, 80, 82
Democratic Telegraph and Texas Register, The, cited, II, 256
De Montplaisir, — , II, 246
Dence, Stephen, planter, II, 93
Denham, Thomas S., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 127,
137
Dennis, John, VI, 44
Dentist, negro, II, 368
Denton, — , delegate to Ten-hour Convention, VIII, 120
Denyse, John, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
265, 290
Depenblenck, Martin, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 198
Depew, Isaac P: delegate to National Labor LTnion, IX, 259;
favors independent political party, IX, 265
Depression, economic, I, 85
Depping, Georges Bernard, editor, I, 20
D'erbage, George, notary, II, 141
DeRenne, W. J., acknowledgments to, I, 103
Derham, Bartholomew, delegate to New York City Industrial
Congress, VIII, 285, 287, 288, 300
DiM:irsj IND! \ 205
Description of the Province of South Carolina, A, cited, II, 174-
176
Detwiler, S. L., land reformer, VIII, 28
Deutsche Freie Gemeinde, I, 25
Devereaux, James, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
Devereux, — , delegate to New England Industrial League, VIII,
330
Devou, Isaac, cordwainer, VI, 317, 318, 321, 325
Devoy, John, member International Workingmen's Association,
IX, 359, 366
Dcvyr, Thomas A: editor of National Reformer, VIII, 91 ; Indus-
trial Congress, delegate, VIII, 26, 27; New England Working-
men's Association, committee member, VIII, 93 ; report of Na-
tional Reform Union of New York City, VII, 293-305
Dewey, Herman, juror, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 279, 312
DeWolf, L., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 231
De Young, L., carpenter, II, 371
Dibble, Charles L., delegate to New York State Industrial Legis-
lature, VIII, 316
Dick, Arthur, weaver, IV, Supp., 41, 43, 45, 79, 101-103
Dickinson, Hon. — , VIII, 151
Dickinson, Ann, witness, trial Philadelphia Spinners, IV, 267
Diddler, Richard, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
Dietzgen, Joseph, see Brief e and Ausziige aus Brief en
Dilks, George, member Mechanics' Union, Philadelphia, VI, 54
Dillin, Eli : National Trades' Union, committee member, VI, 269,
299 ; delegate, V, 382, 383 ; VI, 265 ; judge of elections, VI, 266;
report on cooperation, VI, 298-299; resolutions, VI, 273; vice
president of Philadelphia General Trades' Union, V, 378
Dillon, John, defendant, trial Twenty Journeymen Tailors, IV,
315,319
Dillon, Patrick, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 287, 288, 295, 302
Diseases: cholera, I, 141, 315, 316, 317; II, 37; V, 65; VI, 191;
cholera infantum, VIII, 144; consumption, VIII, 144; croup,
VIII, 144; dysentery, VIII, 144; frontier, II, 172, 174, 245;
206
AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Diseases
Diseases ( continued ) —
inflammation of brain, VIII, 144; inflammation of lungs, VIII,
144; malaria, I, 81 ; measles, VIII, 144; scarlet fever, VIII, 144;
susceptibility of new-comers, II, 172; poor whites, II, 167;
slaves, I, 309-311 ; typhoid fever, VIII, 160; yellow fever, II, 183
Dixey,— , VIII, 94
Dixon, Henry J., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 338
Dixon, Hon. James, IX, 75
Dixon, John, carpet-weaver, VIII, 239
Dixon, William, attorney, IV, Supp., 34, 35
Doane, J. J., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128
Dobbins, D. P., IX, 106
Dobbins, John, defendant, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 18,
28, 34, 5i, 54
Documentary Publications of the United States Government, I, 31
Documents connected with the History of South Carolina, see Wes-
ton (P. C. J.)
Documents relatifs a Vhistoire de V Industrie et du commerce en
France, see Fagniez (Gustave)
Dodge, Charles N., delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 181
Doheny, Michael, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 286, 289
Doke, John, delegate to General Trades' Union, V, 375
Dolan, J. M., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 129
Dolan, Peter, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 170, 172
Dolan, Thomas M., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 127,
129, 134, 137
Dole, Thomas D., IX, 106
Domestic service: class feeling, VII, 94-95 ; wages, VII, 77
Donahue, H., defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 107, no, 115, 116, 119, 121, 122, 123, 127, 128, 136,
145
Donaldson, Robert, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288, 301
Donaldson, J. G., delegate to Trades' Union Convention of Dis-
trict of Columbia, VI, 124
Douglass] INDEX 207
Donaldson, William, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 144,
318.3ai.325
Donley, J., defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors, IV,
101, 102, 108, 119, 128, 168
Donley, Thomas, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Donnelly, John, runaway apprentice, V, 69
Donnelly, John, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 301
Donough, Samuel, weaver, IV, Suf>f>., 107
Dooley, James, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 341
Dooley, Jeremiah, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 197
Doores, William C, secretary, Philadelphia Trades' Union, V,
338, 341
Doremus, D. G., delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 182
Doremus, Sylvester, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 170
Dougherty, Henry, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 144,
149, 168, 192
Doughty, John, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
282, 296, 299
Douglas, Dr. Charles A: address before New England Industrial
League, VIII, 330; Boston Trades' Union, address, VI, 91 ; com-
mittee member, VI, 91 ; delegate to Industrial Congress, VIII,
27; editor of New England Artisan, VI, 90; National Trades'
Union, committee member, VI, 199, 200, 202, 267, 269, 277;
delegate, VI, 192, 196, 198, 265; female labor, VI, 217-220;
judge of elections, VI, 204; political policy, VI, 212-213; pres-
ident of New England Association of Farmers, Mechanics, and
Workingmen, VI, 192; president New England Workingmen's
Association, V, 186
Douglas, James, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 276, 337
Douglas, Samuel, counsel, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 17
Douglas, Thomas, juror, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 17
Douglass, — , delegate to Ten-hour Convention, VIII, 124
Douglass, Alexander, defendant, trial Twenty Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 315, 319, 326
208
AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Douglass
Douglass [Douglas], James: delegate to Trades' Union Conven-
tion of District of Columbia, VI, 119; committee member, VI,
127, 135, 137
Douglass, Thomas, defendant, trial Twenty Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 315, 319, 326
Douthitt, John, witness, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 23, 28,
47-48, 53
Dover Enquirer, The, quoted, VIII, 192-194
Dowling, Joseph, comb-maker, VI, 335
Downer^ A., delegate to New York State Mutual Protective Con-
vention, VIII, 250
Downey, P. J., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 287, 295, 301
Downie, John, delegate to New York State Industrial Legisla-
ture, VIII, 316
Downing, George T., delegate to National Colored Labor Con-
vention, IX, 243, 244, 255, 256
Doxtater, W. H., delegate to New York State Industrial Legisla-
ture, VIII, 316
Doyle, — , defendant, trial Baltimore Weavers, IV, 269
Doyle, Lewis, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 148
Doyle, Martin, member International Workingmen's Association,
IX, 378
Doyle, Peter, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
339, 340, 342, 344
Draper, Dr. A. C, VI, 44
Drivers, see Slave labor, Overseers
Drouth, I, 319
Drugs, prices, V, 137, footnote
Dry Goods' Clerks, see Trade unions
Dubois, Charles, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 144, 145,
148
Dubois, Ephraim F., delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 265,
270
Dubois, John, defendant, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 62-
66, 219
Dubois, Samuel, VI, 44
Ducking stool, II, 288
Dwyer] INDEX 209
Duff, John F., delegate Pittsburgh Workingmcn's Congress, VIII,
332
Dugan, Joseph, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 303
Dugan, William, delegate to General Trades' Convention, Boston,
VI. 90
Dugannc, A. J. H., land reformer, VIII, 28
Dugro, Justice Henry, acknowledgments to, I, 21
Duncan, G. W., land reformer, VIII, 28
Duncan, Robert, cordwainer, IV, 47
"Dung," IV, 139 ; see Scab labor
Dunlap, — , counsel, trial Philadelphia Spinners, IV, 265
Dunlap, — , delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 228
Dunlap, Andrew, cordwainer, III, 32, 67, 96
Dunlap, James, mechanic, II, 369
Dunlap, W. J., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 230
Dunmore, Lord, II, 223
Dunn, Alexander, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 152, 159,
161
Dunn, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 228
Dunn, P., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII, 337
Dunn, Stephen, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Dunning, William A., acknowledgments to, I, 103
Duplane, B. C, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, VI, 35
Du Pratz, Le Page, History of Louisiana, II, 240
Dupree, — , delegate to Chinese Labor Convention, IX, 84
Dupuy, D. B., II, 142
Durant, — , member International Workingmcn's Association, IX,
346
Durgin, Silas C, delegate to New England Workingmcn's Asso-
ciation, VIII, 108
Duryea, William H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 197
Dutch: II, 179; see also Immigration
Dutcher, Warren, land reformer, VIII, 26
Dwight, J. S., association ist, VII, 205
Dwyer, Phillip, witness, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 123-
125
210 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Dwyer
Dwyer, Thomas, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 299
Dyer, C. B., associationist, VII, 242, 248
Dyers: prison labor, V, 53, 54; see also Trade unions
■
Eager, A. A., cordwainer, VI, 331
Earl, Samuel, delegate to Newark Trades' Convention, VI, 184
Easton, Daniel, juror, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp., 16
Eaton, Rev. E. A., VII, 205
Ebbo-bees, see Negroes
Ebbos, see Negroes
Eccarius, J. George, member International Workingmen's Associa-
tion, IX, 337, 341, 347, 351
Eccles, James, juror, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 61
Economic Influences upon Educational Progress in the United
States, see Carlton (F. T.)
Economical Exchange Association, VIII, 288
Eddeys, J. M., VIII, 263
Eddis, William, Letters from America, I, 343-344
Eddy, L., delegate to New England Workingmen's Association,
VIII, 108, in
Edmonds, John W., counsel, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 277,
280, 282, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288-309
Edson, Oliver, V, 147
Education: address to workingmen, V, 1 14-123; agricultural, V,
167-168; agricultural colleges, demand for, VIII, 320-321, 325;
X, 120-122; argument against public schools, V, 107-114; defects
of system, V, 97-98, 102-103, 109, 158, 166-168; VI, 207; fac-
tory operatives, V, 58-59, 62, 198; VII, 71; free schools de-
manded, V, 27-28, 29, 115-118, 161; frontier school, II, 189-
190; Hofwyl system, V, 104-105, 143 ; legislation proposed, VIII,
321 ; limitations, V, 107-114; lyceums, VII, 73; manual training
schools, V, 103-106; VI, 201 ; mechanical, VII, 71 ; methods de-
nounced, V, 164; Pennsylvania Society for the Promotion of
Public Schools, V, 95, footnote; philosophy of Robert Owen, VII,
59, 163, 165; report of New England Association, V, 195-199;
report of Pennsylvania workingmen, V, 94-107; republican sys-
Klon] INDEX 211
tern, V, 174-177; rural, II, 190; State Guardianship plan, V,
165-174; tax for support, V, 170-171, 172, 173-174; universal
demanded, VI, 1 19; see also Apprenticeship, New England Asso-
ciation of Farmers, Mechanics and other JVorkingmen, National
Trades' Union
Edwards, Joseph D., factory operative, V, 65
Edwards, Ogden, judge, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, 315,
317-319. 325; V, 317. 318, 319; VI, 129
Edwards, Uriah, juror, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 279, 312
Efner, Abram, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 164
Efncr, Nicholas, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 164
Eggleston, E. M., associationist, VII, 276
Eichbaum, William, witness, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 55
Eisart, Frederick, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Eldar, William, land reformer, VIII, 28
Elder, James, weaver, IV, Supp., 65, 66, 71
Elder, Sara, associationist, VII, 205
Elder, William, associationist, VII, 205
Eldrige, George, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V,264
Elections: unfair, II, 296; direct, V, 30, 163; district system de-
manded, V, 30
Eliot, W. H., master carpenter, VI, 81
Elkton Press, The, cited, II, 89, 122, 329
Ellacott, J. P., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 170, 187
Elliott, — , delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 272
Elliott, Francis, witness, trial Philadelphia Spinners, IV, 267
Elliott, James, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Elliott, John, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII,
302
Elliott, Richard, diary, II, 279-284
Elliott, William, witness, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 38-39
Ellsworth, William W., counsel, trial Thompsonville Weavers,
IV.Sk^., 115
Elon, Elisha, mechanic, II, 369
212 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Ely
Ely, Frances M., acknowledgments to, III, 17
Ely, Richard T: acknowledgments to, I, 103; Labor movement in
America, The, I, 19; IX, 337, footnote
Elzas, B., The Jews of South Carolina, I, 307
Embezzlement, II, 70
Emerson, M., member Lowell Female Labor Reform Association,
VIII, 118
Emigrant Society: advertisement, II, 176; see also Immigration,
American Emigrant Company
Emigration, see Immigration
Emmet, — , counsel, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 318-336,
361, 379-385
Emmons, Richard, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 126,
127, 129, 137, HO
Empire Club-men, VIII, 43
Employer, synonyms, III, 56
Employers' Association : bakers, V, 309-3 1 1 ; building trades, IX,
102-104; carpenters, VI, 52; cordwainers, V, 311-313; VI, 29,
32-35 ; curriers, V, 309-31 1 ; early, III, 37 ; foundry, IX, 89-102 ;
hatters, VI, 101-107; general, VI, 54; IX, 109-114; iron
moulders - Louisville, Ky., IX, 89-97; Michigan, IX, 99-102;
New England, IX, 97-99; leather dressers, V, 301; Massachu-
setts Corporation, VIII, 231; railroad, IX, 106-109; ship
builders, IX, 104-106; tailors, V, 314-315
Engels, Friedrich, see Brief e und Ausziige aus Brief en
Engine, see Watt (James)
Engineers: advice to immigrants, VII, 64; imported, II, 177; Po-
tomac Company, II, 178
English, William: citizens' meeting, address, VI, 46; secretary,
VI, 44 ; Mechanics' Union, committee member, V, 93-94 ; politi-
cal policy, V, 93-94; National Trades' Union, committee mem-
ber, VI, 199, 202, 318, 320, 324, 325, 327; delegate, VI, 196,
270; nomination for president, VI, 204; political policy, VI,
214-215; preamble, VI, 321-322; resolutions, VI, 210, 322-324,
327, 328-329; secretary, VI, 40, 192, 197, 204; Trades' Union
of the City and County of Philadelphia, address, V, 294, 376;
committee member, V, 355, 358 ; president, V, 375 ; resignation,
V, 376; resolutions, V, 354; secretary, V, 325, 338, 341, 349
Evans] INDEX 213
Ennis, Henry, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
219, 277, 290
Ennis, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 220
Ensign, Charles, proprietor People's Line Propellers, IX, 106
Eppingcr, John, mechanic, II, 368
Errenger, Fred, master cordwainer, III, 105
Errett, William E., carpenter, V, 209
Erwin, Mrv A. S., manuscripts in possession of, I, 167, 309, 323;
H-45
Erwin, Walter R: Albany General Trades' Union - address, VI,
I54_1 55» 108; chairman preliminary meeting, VI, i43;committee
member, VI, 143, 148, 149, 151, 154, 156, 1 59-161, 170; dele-
gate, VI, 144; president, VI, 140, 158, 163, 168; resolutions,
VI, 146, 147, 148, 156, 169; secretary, VI, 145; National
Trades' Union - committee member, VI, 231, 239, 240242,
253-255; delegate, VI, 162; member Board of Commissioners,
VI, 243 ; motion, VI, 230; resolutions, VI, 235 ; ten-hour policy,
VI, 253-255
Espriella, Letters, III, 263
Estabrook, Hon. — , VIII, 60
Estates, sec Cotton, Plantation, Rice, Sugar, Tobacco, etc.
Eustace, Joseph, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 289, 302
Evans, D., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 170
Evans, E. T., proprietor propeller company, IX, 106
Evans, Frederick W., Shaker leader, VII, 289
Evans, George Henry: address on land reform, VII, 308; approval
of associationist, VII, 288-289; attack on Association, VII, 325-
327, 33I-340; attack on Owenism, VII, 344-345; biography,
VII, 30-33, 288-291; criticism of Fourierism, VII, 32; early
agrarianism, IX, 46; editor of The Man, V, 46; VII, 291 ; The
People's Rights, VII, 291; The Radical, VII, 291; Working
Man's Advocate, V, 46; VII, 30, 291 ; Young America, VII, 32,
288, 291; executor of Gerrit Smith's will, VII. 364, fotnote;
Industrial Congress -call, VIII, 23-25; delegate, VIII, 26, 27;
letter to Gerrit Smith, VII, 352-356, 358-362, 362-364; Na-
tional Reform Union, VII, 293-305; New England Working-
men's Convention - delegate, VIII, 91; ten-hour resolution,
214
AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Evans
Evans, George Henry (continued) —
VIII, 94; New York City Industrial Congress - delegate,
VIII, 288 ; secretary, VIII, 303 ; philosophy of land reform, VII,
31-32, 34-36, 289-293, 313-315, 321-324; P^n for township
government, VII, 290; political activity, VII, 32
Evans, Henry, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 157, 158,
162, 172
Evans, J. P., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII,
300
Evans, James, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Evans, John, land reformer, VIII, 27
Evans, Joseph, juror, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors, IV,
102
Evans, Stokes, defendant, trial Philadelphia Plasterers, IV, 338
Everett, Hon. Horace, IX, 76
Everett, Thomas S., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128,
129, 137
"Export work," III, 34
Ewing, Dr. J. S., association ist, VII, 205
Factorage, I, 293-308
Factors, I, 301-307
Factory system : advice to immigrants, VII, 64; "American system,"
VI, 221-223; boarding houses, living conditions, IV, Supp., 57,
63. 795 VII, 132; keepers, VII, 138-140; rules, IV, Supp., 56,
118-119; VII, 137-138; child labor, V, 59-66, 196-197, 258,
33 1 » 332, 333J conditions in factories, V, 258, 330-334J V, 221 ;
VII, 132-135; cotton mills, II, 330-331, 338-3395 definition,
III, 42 ; dominance, III, 29; evils of system, V, 25 ; VI, 218-219,
223-224; foreign labor, VII, 142-143; history since 1880, III,
54; hours of labor, V, 33-34, 59, 60-61, 64, 65, 141, 196, 197,
258, 330; VI, 144-146; VII, 134; VIII, 86-91, 133-187, 318;
influence of system, V, 23; labor, how secured, VII, 141 ; negro
labor, II, 356-358 ; relation to labor movement, V, 23, 35 ; rules
in factory, VII, 135-136; wages, II, 339, 357; white and col-
ored labor, II, 356-357; women, V, 333; VI, 217, 218, 219,
220; VII, 133-135, 141-H3; woolen mills, II, 330, 334"335
Fclton] INDEX 215
Fagniez, Gustavc, Documents relatifs a i'hisloire de tindustrie et
du commerce en France, cited, I, 26
ralker, George, III, 105
iargie, J. H., tailor, V, 317
■armer, J. B., associationist, VII, 242
•"armers: general - advice to immigrants, VII, 64; "Farmers Plat-
form," IX, 48; food, VII, 75; Illinois - Bloomington conven-
tions, call, X, 42-45, 47-48; resolutions, X, 45-46, 48-52; Ke-
waunee convention, X, 46-47; Princeton convention, X, 59;
Springfield convention, X, 54-59; Kansas Cooperative Associa-
tion, X, 61-63; lands reclaimed, I, 88; migrations, VII, 70-71;
opportunity in south, I, 82 ; organizations - Agricultural Union,
IX, 270; American Cheap Transportation Convention, X, 67-
70; early, V, 185; X, 39-41 ; Farmers' Alliance, IX, 51 ; Farm-
ers' clubs, IX, 258; Southern, I, 86; see also Agriculture, Fron-
tier, Patrons of Husbandry
7armer's Gazette, The, cited, II, 284
7armers', Mechanics' and IVorking-men's Advocate, cited, V, 52-
53, 142, 143, 144. 145
■arries, George, mechanic, II, 368
Faulkner, Henry, defendant, trial Twenty Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 315, 319, 326, 332 ; V, 257, 296
'ay, Appleton, delegate to New England Industrial League, VIII,
330
7ederal Union, The, cited, I, 132, 291, 315, 316; II, 73, 101, 116,
119, 159, 162, 183, 184, 296, 302, 303, 330, 334. 336, 356;
VII, 100-101
Federation of Labor, definition, V, 21 ; see also Trades' Assembly
Feeks, David, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
312
Fehrenbatch, John, delegate to National Labor Reform Party, IX,
272
Fell, John, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
256, 335
Fellenberg system, V, 104
Fellilo, — , VI, 158
Felton, Henry, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 303
2l6
AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Female
Female Industry Association, New York, VIII, 226-231
Female Industry Society, see Women
Female Labor Reform Association, see Labor reform associations,
Women
Fencing, see Plantation
Fenianism, IX, 33
Fennimore, William, X, 19
Ferdinand, H., associationist, VII, 242
Ferguson, D., delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VIII, 326
Fernald, E. B., delegate to New England Workingmen's Associa-
tion, VIII, 108
Ferral [Ferrall, Farrel?], John: National Trades' Union -ad-
dress, VI, 215-216, 223-224, 230; call for convention, VI, 264;
committee member, VI, 199, 202, 210, 235, 245, 246, 248, 269,
271, 277; delegate, V, 382, 383; VI, 196, 265; memorial to
Congress, VI, 246; president, V, 274; VI, 192, 229, 258; reso-
lutions, VI, 202, 204-209, 270; vice president, VI, 204, 228 ; New
York City Industrial Congress - delegate, VIII, 303 ; Phila-
delphia General Trades' Union - address, VI, 46; chairman, V,
378; committee member, V, 336, 337, 358; communication, V,
357> 380; letter to Seth Luther, VI, 39-43; resolutions, V, 350;
VI, 46 ; secretary, V, 388 ; Pittsburgh Workingmen's Congress -
committee member, VIII, 333 ; Trades' Union of Pennsylvania -
organizer, V, 325 ; wage policy, VI, 203
Ferris, Charles, carpenter, V, 80, 84
Ferris, P. W., associationist, VII, 205
Ferry, Francis B., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Fertilization: I, 291, 330-331 ; barnyard manure, I, 210; cotton, I,
128; cotton-seed, I, 331 ; guano, I, 212; neglect in Tennessee, I,
256; plaster of paris, I, 209; swamp muck, I, 195 ; trash, I, 331
Field, — , delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 178
Field, Moses W: delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 231, 258;
National Reform Labor Party, IX, 272
Filly, F., member International Workingmen's Association, IX,
366
Finance, see National Labor Union
FitzpatrickJ INDEX 217
Finance Report, United States, V, 31
Finances, depression, I, 290-292
Finch, Asahcl, land reformer, VIII, 58
Finch, John: S'otes of Travel in the United States, VII, 47-71 ;
Rise and Prop-ess of the General Trades' Union of the City of
New York, V, 212, 214
Fincher, Jonathan C: National Labor Union, delegate, IX, 195;
policies, department of labor, IX, 226-228; finance, IX, 208-
209, 214, 216; immigration, IX, 221-222; industrial accidents,
IX, 224; land, IX, 221-222; protection to labor, IX, 221-222;
publication of Fincher's Trades' Review, IX, 23
Fincher's Trades' Review: I, 25; IX, 23; cited, IX, 70-71, 72-73,
89-97. 97-99. 99-I02, 102-104, 104-106, 106-109, 109-114, 118-
125, 279-283, 284-301
Fink, Albert, IX, 97
Fink, Minor, Jr., delegate to New York State Industrial Legis-
lature, VIII, 319, 321
Finnerty, Peter, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 148, 149
Fire, plantations, II, 121
Fish, Nicholas, justice, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 364
Fish, S., president Wisconsin Phalanx, VII, 187
Fisher, — , weaver, VI, 180
Fisher, John W., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
Fisher, Richard A. W., delegate to New York General Trades'
Union, V, 298
Fisher, Thomas J., vice president, mechanics' meeting, V, 318
Fisheries, Mt. Vernon, I, 190
Fishing, I, 190, 203-208; II, 235, 261
Fisk, Theophilus: address before National Trades' Union, VI, 238;
land reform, VIII, 26, 28
Fisscher, Charles, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Fitman, Thomas, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 356,
358, 374. 385
Fitzhugh, William, letter, I, 355
Fitzpatrick, M., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V,3I7
2l8
AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
[Fitz.
Fitzpatrick, Peter, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 163
Fitzsimmons, Henry, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 144,
152, 153
Flagg, Abijah, juror, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp., 16
Flaheaut, — , member International Workingmen's Association,
IX, 346
Flaherty, E. F., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128, 137
Flaherty [O'Flaherty?], John, IV, 100, 132-133, 212-213
Flamand, James, juror, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 61
Flanagan, Francis, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 301
Flanagan, John P., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 257,
265, 272
Flanders, P. W., delegate to New England Workingmen's As-
sociation, VIII, 108
"Flasked ware," see Iron, Prices
Flax, see Plantation
Fleming, E. J., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Fletcher, Gov. — , IX, 78
Fletcher, Joshua S., delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V,
375, 381, 383; VI, 67, 69, 265, 270, 291
Flickwir, D. Henry, master carpenter, VI, 54
Flisch, Julia A., acknowledgments to, I, 103
Flood, John, weaver, IV, Supp., 31, 32, 62, 90
Flood, John K., testimony on child labor, V, 63, 65, 66
Flood, Thomas W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 257
Floods: Mississippi River, I, 317; Savannah River, I, 141
Florida: colonization, I, 348-352; immigration, I, 87; Pensacola,
I, 84; runaway colonists, I, 348; St. Augustine, I, 84; Spanish
regime, I, 84; see also Romans (Bernard), Williams (John L.)
Floridian, The, II, 84
Flour: Mt. Vernon, I, 191; price, II, 194, 314; V, 31
Flournoy, J. J., letter, II, 360
Floyd, Capt. John, II, 223, 224, 228
Fodder, curing, I, 196, 198, 200
Folger, — , V, 134
Follansbie, John, master shoemaker, VI, 35
Kourierism] INDEX 219
•.line, John, diary, II, 230-235
Fontaine, Peter, letter, II, 29-30
Foot, Joel B., cordwainer, VI, 317, 325, 330
Foran, Martin A., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 273
Forbes, Samuel C, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 265
Force, Daniel A., delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 152, 153,
159. 347
Force, Peter, Tracts, I, 340-34-2
Ford, Ebenezer, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 220
Ford, Ephraim, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 221
Ford, Joseph, delegate to Trade Union Convention of District
of Columbia, VI, 138
Ford, P. W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 129, 196
Forde, George H., member International Workingmen's Associa-
tion, IX, 378
Forensic Eloquence, see Curran
Forges, for sale, II, 259
Forgrave, William, witness, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III,
92-93
Forsyth, A. P., delegate to National Grange, Patrons of Hus-
bandry', X, 133
Forth, — , delegate to National Labor Union, IX. 137
Fortnightly Review, IX, 44, footnote
Forward, Walter, counsel, Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 17, 56-71
Foss, A., delegate to General Convention of Trades, Boston, VI, 91
Foster, Daniel, land reformer, VII, 305
Foster, Hon. L. S., IX, 76
Foster, Robert, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
264, 276
Foster. William C, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
"Foul goods," VI, 38
Fourier, Charles, VII, 29, 147, 261, 325
Fourierism: American, VII, 147; conventions, VII, 240-247; criti-
cisms- G. H. Evans, VII, 32; Robert Owen, VII, 170; defects,
VII 149; nature, VII, 1 70-171 ; organization of phalanx, VII,
220 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Fourier.
Fourierism (continued) —
240-248 ; philosophy, VII, 340; phalanxes - accounts and records,
VII, 257-258; Bloomfield Union, VII, 250-254; Boston Associa-
tion, VIII, 263; Brook Farm, VII, 28, 148, 233; VIII, 94, 95;
Cincinnati, VII, 201 ; Clarkson, VII, 260-263; Columbian, VII,
277-280; distribution, VII, 167; education, VII, 258, 259; in-
dustrial program, VII, 254-257; Integral, VII, 281; Jefferson
County Industrial, VII, 254; Leraysville, Pa., VII, 201 ; limit of
membership, VII, 258; New York Association, dues, VII, 185;
meetings, VII, 186; organization, VII, 185-186; New York Con-
federacy, VII, 248-259; North American, VII, 148-149; Ohio,
VII, 201, 335, footnote; Ontario Union, VII, 252, 254; Phila-
delphia Union, VIII, 28; rejected by associationists, VII, 198;
Rush Industrial, VII, 252-253 ; Sodus Bay, VII, 251, 254; Trum-
bull, VII, 274-277 ; Union Association, VII, 343 ; West Roxbury,
VII, 148; Western New York Industrial, VII, 183, 250, 254-
255; Wisconsin, Ceresco, VII, 148-150, 263-273; causes for
failure at, VII, 282-284; Southport, VII, 186-187; see also
Association, Cooperation, Owenism
Four Precursors of Henry George, see Davidson (J. M.)
Fowler, J. W., instructions to overseers, I, 1 12-1 15
Fox, Isham P., planter, II, 79
Fox River, VII, 266
Foy, J. H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 126
Foy, Michael, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors, IV,
101, 136, 152-153
Foy, Owen, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 259
Francis, George, member of jury, trial Thompsonville Weavers,
IV, Supp., 16
Francis, George W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128,
134, 136, 137
Franklin, A. B., delegate to Patrons of Husbandry, X, 136
Franklin, Lemuel, master cordwainer, III, 105
Franklin, Walter, counsel, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, HI, 61,
89, 107, 109, 117, 127, 143-162, 190-191, 236
Fraser, William A., cordwainer, VIII, 236
Frazer, Robert, carpenter, II, 371
Free Democrat, VIII, 59
Frontier] INDEX 221
Freedmcn: white, I, 76; opportunities in Virginia, I, 340; see also
Negroes, free
Freedom, If. C, land reformer, VIII, 26
Free Enquirer, cited, V, 24, 142, 180, 1 95
Freeman, Josephus, delegate to General Trades' Convention, Bos-
ton, VI, 90
Free trade, advocated, VII, 59
Freight: rates, II, 172, 312 ; see also Patrons of Husbandry
French, H. E., agent, VIII, 146, 151, 152, 153
French, Ira, association ist, VII, 248, footnote, 259
Frescoln, — , delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, VI, 69
Fricke, Asahel, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
282, 296, 300
Friecke, Augustus, juror, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 62
Friend of Equal Rights, The, V, 143 ; editor, V, 142
Frieze, J., V, 192
Frink, Jones, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 158
Fritz, General Peter, VI, 44
Frolich, — , land reformer, VII, 310
Frontier: economic conditions, acriculture- co-operative farm-
ing, II, 191-192; cost of opening farm, VII, 77-78; crops, I, 47,
83, 84; II, 170, 195, 214, 251-252, 271, 273-275; farm labor,
I. 72-73 J gardening, II, 273 ; gulf region, I, 84-85 ; orchards, II,
189; industries (see above agriculture) -blacksmiths, II, 174;
building contracts, II, 261, 269, 275-276; carpenters, II, 174-
175; fishing, II, 193, 194, 235, 261 ; hunting, II, 190, 193, 194,
228-229, 233, 261; leather dressers, II, 175; milling, II, 287;
mining, II, 247 ; potter, II, 175 ; shoemakers, II, 174, 175 ; stock-
raising, II, 192, 253-254, 277; tailors, II, 174; tanners, II, 175;
vine dressers, II, 175-176; labor - scarcity, II, 1 70-171, 174-
176; II, 271-272; slave, II, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 210,
211, 212,245, 250, 251, 253, 256; types, I, 73; land - agencies,
II, 239-240; character of soil, II, 234, 235, 236, 237, 244, 253,
261 ; clearing, II, 169, 191, 256; grants, II, 235, 247, 260-262;
lottery, II, 190, 258-260; prices, II, 265, 267; markets, I, 90;
II, 170; westward movement- influence on cotton belt, II,
185-196; influence on invention, I, 48; influence on land values,
I, 46; trend, I, 45
222 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Frontier
Frontier (continued) —
Social conditions - irregularities, I, 50; lawlessness, II, 238,
283, 286-288, 295-299 ; relation with Indians, I, 86; II, 246, 250,
283-284, 289-292; school, II, 189-190; settlers - classes, II,
169; distribution, cotton belt, II, 185-196; Louisiana, I, 86; II,
240-249; Maryland, I, 77-78; North Carolina, I, 77; II, 271;
Piedmont, I, 82 ; II, 273 ; Tennessee and Kentucky, I, 84; Texas,
I, 87-88; II, 255; Virginia, I, 74-78; II, 230-235; French, II,
240-249; German, II, 232-233, 247; hardships, II, 169-172, 172-
174, 196, 232, 264, 271-272; VII, 53-54J health, I, 81 ; II, 172,
174, 245, 254; houses, II, 190, 194, 231, 232, 245; indentured
servants, I, 75, 83, 344-345; migrations, II, 185-200, 201-218,
219-221, 230-235, 242-245, 255-256; profanity, II, 287; pro-
fessions - lawyer, II, 198; minister, II, 233; surveyor, II, 222-
223 ; redemptioners, I, 77 ; Sabbath desecration, II, 287 ; scattered,
I, 84 ; versatility, II, 194, 271-272 ; wife hunting, II, 289 ; women,
II, 186, 188, 284
Miscellaneous - barbecue, II, 280; climate, II, 243; court
calendar, Augusta County, Va., II, 286-288 ; dearth of towns, I,
83 ; defenses, II, 232, 284, 292-295 ; forests, II, 195 ; government,
plan for local, II, 225, 228, 229; tax collection, II, 191 ; historical
importance of the frontier, I, 70-72; mercantile operations, II,
171-172, 261, 265-266; overlapping of plantation system, I, 86,
94; pests, II, 194, 195; prices, II, 194, 265, 267; recruiting for
Revolutionary War, II, 279-284; relation of the London Com-
pany, I, 74-75; religion, camp meeting, II, 284-286; missionary
to Indians, II, 234; roads, character, II, 198, 199, 200, 266; con-
struction, II, 195; towns established, II, 260-262, 263-267, 267-
269, 287; tradesmen's difficulties, II, 170-172; vineyards, II,
231 ; wage earners, II, 174-176; see also Piedmont
Frost, Samuel W., delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 175
Frothingham, O. B., Life of Gerrit Smith, VII, 364, footnote
Frowd, William, witness, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 362
Fruneau, — , member International Workingmen's Association, IX,
346
Fuchs, H., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII,
302
Fuel, price, V, 31 ; VII, 48, 49, 98 ; see also Coal
Gannelly] INDEX 223
Fuller, Hon. T. J. D., VIII, 70
Fulling mill, equipment, II, 326
Fulse, J., defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors, IV,
101, 107, no, 113, 120, 121, 123, 128, 136, 146, 149, 152
Furlong, John, VIII, 54, 56
Furniss, Ephraim, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 221
Futhy, Henry, witness, II, 141
Gable, James, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
242
Gable, John, carpenter, II, 371
Gaboon, see Negroes
Gale, Gilman, merchant, VIII, 139
Gallagher, Francis: Baltimore Trades' Union, committee member,
VI, 115; delegate to cordwainers' convention, VI, 316; National
Trades' Union, committee member, VI, 238, 259-263, 269, 276,
291-293 ; delegate, VI, 265 ; resolutions, VI, 258, 271, 278
Gallagher, Hugh : National Trades' Union, committee member, VI,
231 ; delegate, VI, 229 ; New York General Trades' Union, com-
mittee member, V, 239, 243, 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 256,
257, 267, 281, 296, 299; resolutions, V, 252-253
Gallagher, James, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Gallagher, Michael, witness, trial Philadelphia Spinners, IV, 267
Gait, David, witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
92-93
Gait, John: weaver, discharged by Thompsonville Manufacturing
Co., IV, Supp., 54; testifies, 89-90
Galvin, Martin, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 303
Galway, — , delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
343
Gamble, W. A., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
Gambling, negroes, II, 152
Gang labor, see Labor
Gannelly, James, letter, I, 192
224
AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Gannett
Gannett, Isaac, delegate to General Convention of Trades, Boston,
VI, 90
Gardner, Charles P., land reformer, VII, 305
Gardner, Ezra, cordwainer, VI, 318
Gardner, James H., delegate to Albany Trades' Convention, VI,
145, 158
Gardner, Nathaniel B: delegate to cordwainers' convention, VI,
316; National Trades' Union, candidate for vice presidency, VI,
229; committee member, VI, 246, 269, 275, 297-298; delegate,
VI, 265 ; resolutions, VI, 249, 297-298; vice president, VI, 264;
Newark Trades' Union, committee member, VI, 180, 181
Gardner, William H., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
Garland, Hugh, land reformer, VIII, 26
Garrett, L. C, delegate to Chinese Labor Convention, IX, 84
Garrett, Peter V., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Garrett, William, manufacturer, II, 330
Garrigues, — , delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 387
Garrison, William L., VII, 351-352; VIII, 110
Garwood, Charles B., delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V,
352
Gaston, Christian, cordwainer, VI, 318
Gatchell, Joseph, Jr., VI, 44
Gaudens, B. H., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Union, VIII, 337
Gaul, Samuel R., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 195
Gautier, A. A., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 300
Gay, William, justice of the peace, IV, Supp., 23
Gazette of the State of Carolina, cited, II, 353
Geary, Gov. John W., IX, 273
Geddy, James, carpenter ( ?), I, 352
General Bulletin of the Association of the United Workers of Amer-
ica, 1874, cited, IX, 376-378
General Trades' Union, definition, V, 21 ; see also Trades' Assembly
Genesis of the Republican Party, VII, 37, footnote
Gentlemen's Magazine, cited, II, 99-101
Gibbons] INDEX 225
Geoghan, James, witness, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 113
Geology, Texas, II, 256
George, Henry, IX, 28-29, 46, 47 ; Propers and Poverty, IX, 28,
footnote
George, Henry [Detroit], delegate to National Labor Union, IX,
127,129,132.137
George Junior Republic, V, 1 43
Georgia: Athens, II, 302 ; Augusta, ordinance, II, 345 ; proceedings
of city council, II, 159; camp meeting, II, 284-286; Columbus,
II, 303; cotton factory, II, 337; settlement, II, 267-269; cotton
factory, II, 332-334, 341 ; cotton plantation records, I, 126-129,
132, 133. 150-165, 167-186, 191-193, 309-315, 318, 319, 330-
336 ; "Crackers," II, 165, 239; delegates to Continental Congress,
II, 281 ; disease, II, 167 ; Ft. More, II, 284; effect of cotton gin,
I, 85 ; frontier, I, 82 ; immigration, I, 85 ; industry, status, I, 89 ;
"King Cotton," I, 283-292 ; mill toll, II, 346 ; mineral wealth, II,
340; Murray County, politics, II, 296-297; Murray County,
courts, II, 296-297; pine barrens, I, 82; rice plantation records,
I, 122-126, 134, 166, 325-326, 336, 338; Savannah, I, 82;
slave labor, demand, II, 65 ; exclusion attempted, I, 81 ; squatters,
II, 238; trials, II, 123-125 ; uplands, I, 89; water power, II, 338,
340; see also Piedmont, Slave labor
Georgia Citizen, The, cited II, 119
Georgia Courier, The, cited, I, 283, 289; II, 251, 267, 332, 338
Georgia Express, The, cited, II, 92
Georgia Gazette, The, cited, II, 118
Georgia Journal, The, cited, II, 67, 157
Georgia Journal and Independent Register, cited, II, 239
German Central Committee of the United Trades, VIII, 297
German Chauvinists, IX, 356
German Union of Workingmen, VIII, 28
Gerner, T., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII,
302
Gibbon, Edward, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, cited,
I, 30
Gibbons, — , weaver, IV, 43
Gibbons, Erastus, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 143
226 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Gibbons
Gibbons, James, cordwainer, VI, 318, 321, 325
Gibbons, W., delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 151
Gibbs, Charles W : National Labor Union, committee member, IX,
132; delegate, IX, 127, 170, 196; on admission of negroes, IX,
187; secretary, elected, IX, 129; report of, IX, 172-173; vice
president, IX, 194
Gibbs, William, weaver, IV, Supp., 32, 90
Gibson, David, weaver, IV, Supp., 35, 48, 83
Gibson, James, witness, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 52
Gibson, John, defendant, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 252
Gibson, — , judge, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors, IV, 163,
250, 252, 255
Gift, G. W., IX, 84
Gilbert, Albert, land reformer, VIII, 25
Gilchrist, Richard: delegate to International Industrial Assembly,
IX, 120; National Labor Union, committee member, IX, 262;
delegate, IX, 257 ; political policy, IX, 265 ; president Louisville
Trades' Assembly, IX, 120
Gilders: society, VIII, 303; strike, V, 379; wages, V, 379
Giles, Edward, association ist, VII, 200, 205
Gill, James, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 351
Gillard, Nathaniel, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196,
229
Gillen, John, defendant, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 252
Gillespie, Barnabas S: National Trades' Union, committee mem-
ber, VI, 199, 200, 269, 275, 294-297; delegate, VI, 196, 197,
265; judge of election, VI, 204; report on trades' unions, VI,
294-297; resolutions, VI, 237, 253, 256-257, 270-271, 275; New
York General Trades' Union, amendment to constitution, V,
277-278; chairman, V, 259; committee member, V, 220, 223,
236, 242, 249, 250, 255, 267, 275, 276, 278, 281, 283, 286-289,
295, 297, 299; delegate, V, 260; director daily paper, elected,
V, 293 ; resignation, V, 295
Gillespie, George T., VI, 150, 157, 171
Gillett, E. B., IX, 75
Gillette, Hon. Francis, IX, 75
Gilmore, Eugene A., editor, Documentary History of American In-
dustrial Society, III, 15-17
Goldcr] INDEX 227
Gil more, Francis, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
Ciilmore, William: Manayunk Working People's Committee, ad-
dress to workingmen, V, 330-334; call for convention, V, 334;
president, V, 330 ; Philadelphia General Trades' Union - chair-
man, V, 335; committee member, V, 336; resolutions, V, 383;
secretary. V, 378, 389; Trades' Union of Pennsylvania - organ-
izer, V, 325 ; president, V, 335 ; Workinfmens Convention -
chairman, VI, 67 ; committee member, VI, 69; delegate, V, 330
Glass, — , delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 137
Glass, Hugh, weaver, VI, 342
Glass, James, defendant, trial New York Cordwaincrs, III, 252
Glass, John, mechanic, II, 368
Glass workers: distribution of establishments, VII, 66; see also
Trade unions
Glassey, Edward, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 287, 301
Glay, James A., manufacturer, VIII, 205
Glenn, Robert, witness, trial of Thompsonville Weavers, IV,
Supp., 86, 109
Glenn, Simon, juror, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 18, 28, 34,
39, 55
Glenn, Walter, witness, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 23,
45-47
Glocker, T. W., acknowledgments to, III, 17, 249
Glover, James M., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 221, 230
Glover, Thomas, plantation correspondence, I, 183-186, 326
Goddard, Calvin, counsel, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
115
Godwin, Parke: Associationists' Convention, chairman, VII, 188;
committee member, VII, 189, 200; corresponding secretary, VII,
205 ; National Reformers' Convention, committee member, VIII,
25; delegate, VIII, 26; New England Workingmen's Associa-
tion, delegate, VIII, 94
Gold, — , cordwainer, IV, 51
Gold and silver artisans, see Trade unions
Golder, A., X, 82
228 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Gold.
Goldsmith, Oliver, quoted, IV, 297
Goldson [Gholson?], Samuel, delegate to Trades' Union Conven-
tion of District of Columbia, VI, 128, 132, 134, 135, 137, 138
Goman, — , defendant, trial Baltimore Weavers, IV, 269
Goode, H. C, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 230
Gooding, Francis, planter, II, 92
Goodloe, J. C, delegate to Chinese Labor Convention, IX, 84
Goodnough, W. R., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 197,
198
"Good will," IX, 21
Goodwin, — , delegate to Ten-hour Convention, VIII, 93
Goodwin, John, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
275, 300
Goodwin, Jonathan, master tailor, IV, 103, 107, 112
Goodwin, Philo A., clerk of court, IV, Supp., 115
Gordon, Edward, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196, 205
Gordon, Francis A., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 282, 298
Gorman, Edward, defendant, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV,
Supp., 16, 17, 41, 57, 127
Goucher, T. H., carpenter, V, 90
Gould, George, witness, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 363
Gould, Marcus T., court reporter, IV, 99
Gove, Mary S., association ist, VII, 280
Gowie, Charles, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 168
Gowrie estate, see Manigault (Louis)
Graham, "Doctor," VII, 22
Graham, James, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V,298
Graham, Mary, secretary Female Industry Association, VIII, 231
Graham, Robert, juror, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 362
Grain, Frederick, associationist, VII, 200
Grand Eight Hour League, see Hours of labor
Granger, William, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 303
Granger, William H., agent Phoenix foundry, IX, 97
"Grangers," see Patrons of Husbandry
Grant, E. P., VII, 201 ; VIII, 26
Greenback] INDEX 229
Grant, G. W., delegate to Trades' Union Convention of District
of Columbia, VI, 119
Grant, George C, delegate to Trades' Union Convention of Dis-
trict of Columbia, VI, 138
Gray, Daniel J., defendant, trial Twenty Journeymen Tailors, IV,
3 15. 3I9.320
Gray, Elizabeth, president Female Industry Association, VIII, 227,
231
Gray, James, delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VIII, 316,324.325
Gray, Richard, juror, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 17
Gray, Thomas, juror, trial of Twenty- four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 102
Greeley, Horace: address on abolition, VII, 211-216; American
Union of Associationists, president, VII, 205; Association is ts'
Convention, committee member, VII, 189, 200; letter, VII, 241,
245; vice president, VII, 188; biography, VII, 131-123] VIII,
49-51 ; criticisms, VII, 24-25; idealism, VII, 41-42; land policy,
VII, 33-36, 211-216; VIII, 40-44, 49-51 ; letter on Association,
VII, 241 ; National Reformers' Convention, delegate, VIII, 26;
New York City- Industrial Congress, delegate, VIII, 288; presi-
dential candidate, IX, 273; relation to forty-period, VII, 20, 21,
44; socialism, VII, 25-26; ten-hour policy, VII, 37-40; VIII,
109, 112; view of cooperation, VII, 42 ; visit to Lowell Working-
men's Convention, VIII, m-113; visit to Wisconsin, VIII, 49-
51 ; The Tribune established, VII, 23-24
Green, — , delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 185
Green, Abram H., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 238, 239. 240, 248, 250
Green, B. E., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169, 186,
190, 194
Green, C. F., resident of New Harmony, VII, 49, 50
Green, D. I., acknowledgments to, III, 17
Green, E., associationist, VII, 242
Green, Nathaniel H., delegate to Newark Trades' Unidn, VI, 175
Green, Thomas, weaver, IV, Sup p., 34
Green, William, master cordwainer, III, 105
Greenback Labor Party, IX, 51
230 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Green.
Greenbackism : anarchism contrasted, IX, 38; definition, IX, 34,
footnote) effect on wage earners, IX, 41-42; fallacies, IX, 35-40;
legislation, IX, 41 ; nature, 33-39; stages, IX, 34; see also Na-
tional Labor Union, financial policy
Green County Claim Society, see Land Reform
Greene, Russell T., juror, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 279, 312
Greenhalgh, Isaac, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Greenland, — , cordwainer, IV, 49
Gregory, John, factory operative, VIII, 133
Gregory, William S., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 94, 286, 287, 301
Greig, John, land reformer, VIII, 27
Gridley, Edmond, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196, 229
Grier, M., Jr., manufacturer ( ?), VI, 27
Griffin, — , missionary to Indians, II, 236
Griffin, — , counsel, New York Cordwainers, III, 361, 362, 375-379
Griffin, F. H., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Griffin, Thomas B., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128,
137
Griffith, James, woodworker, VII, 263
Griffith, R., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 258
Griffith, William, prison superintendent, Eastern Pennsylvania,
V.55
Grinder, Isaac, defendant, trial Philadelphia Plasterers, IV, 338
Grogan, James, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196
Grog-shops: I, 149; negroes forbidden to keep, II, 147
Gross, John, delegate to Baltimore Union Trade Society, VI, 108
Grosse, Edward, member International Workingmen's Association,
IX, 354, 359, 366
Grossman, Ezra, printer, VI, 347, 348
Grow, Hon. Galusha A., VII, 36; VIII, 77-78
Grudell, Englebert, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 230
Gruenhagen, J. F., VIII, 54, 56
Gudenrath, William, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
Gudgeon, W. H., delegate to International Industrial Assembly,
IX, 120
Holiday] INDEX 231
Gugle, Daniel, mechanic, II, 369
Gui'tle, David, mechanic, II, 369
Guild, H. A., printer, VII, 131
Guilds, control, III, 22 ; see also Shoemakers
Guinand, Charles A., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 289, 301, 316
Gunn, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 230
( Junn, William, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 265
Gunsmith, advertisement, II, 350-351
Gunton, George: disciple of Ira Steward, IX, 27 ; eight-hour philo-
sophy, IX, 27, footnote) founder of International Labor Union,
IX, 30; member of International Workingmen's Association,
IX, 46, footnote; Principles of Social Economics, IX, 27;
Wealth and Progress, IX, 27
Guyon, H. G., delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
177
Habersham, James, letters, I, 293-296, 318-319, 325-326; II, 44,
142, 238-239
lackney, Jonathan, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union. V, 375
Hade, Hamilton, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Hadry, Henriette A., associationist, VII, 205
Hagadorn, — , delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 320
Haight, Thomas, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 220, 261, 262; VI, 197
Halcyon and Literary Repository, cited, II, 251
Hale, — , History of the Pleas of the Crown, III, 302
Hall, Aaron, delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VIII.3I6
Hall, Christopher, carpenter, II, 371
Hall, George W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 259, 270
Hall, Nathan, manufacturer ( ?), VI, 27
Hallbauer, Louis, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 300
Haller, William, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 257
Halliday, James F: member Trades' Union of District of Colum-
232
AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Halliday
Halliday, James F. (continued) —
bia, VI, 126; National Trades' Union, committee member, VI,
269, 274, 297-298, 349, 350; delegate, VI, 265; resolutions, VI,
277, 351
Hallis, John, VIII, 239
Hallman, John, master cordwainer, III, 105
Halpen, Patrick, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Halsey, Henry, juror, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp., 16
Hamilton, Edward, delegate to Trades' Union Convention of Dis-
trict of Columbia, VI, 119
Hamilton, John, witness, trial Philadelphia Spinners, IV, 267
Hamilton, Col. John, II, 197
Hamilton, S. M., Letters to Washington, I, 319, 321, 344-345
Hamilton, Silas N., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 287, 290, 301
Hamilton, William, weaver, IV, Supp., 48, 85
Hammatt, Benjamin H., delegate to National Trades' Union, VI,
196, 198, 199, 201, 210, 228
Hammond, A. G., member American Emigrant Company, IX, 75
Hammond, E. S., II, 163
Hammond, John, Leak and Rachel, I, 340-342
Hammond, see Hannan
Hampton, Gen. Wade, II, 196
Hams, curing, I, 182-184
Hancock, William C, master carpenter, VI, 54
Hand, Daniel, cordwainer, VI, 318
Hand, George W., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 294
Hand, James P., delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 177
Handbook to Lowell, cited, VII, 135-136, 137
Handschuh, J. Andrew, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
Haney, J. B., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 231
Hange, — , delegate to Pittsburgh Workingmen's Convention, VIII,
333
Hanna, A., delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VIII, 316
Harrison) INDEX 233
Hannan [Hammond?], M. J., delegate to National Labor Union,
IX, 127, 134,137
Hanson, H, J., delegate to New York City Industrial Congresa,
VIII, 300
Hanson, John, weaver, IV, Supp.. 36, 41, 42, 84-85, 103
Harbinger. The, cited, VII, 94-95, 132-135, 203-206, 2 1 6-2 1 8, 221,
I H-239, 274-277. 288, 341-343; VIII, 272-274
Harden, William, acknowledgments to, I, 103
Harding, William: National Labor Union, committee member, IX,
126, 141, 183; delegate, IX, 127; on admission of negroes, IX,
186; on delegate to International Workingmen's Association,
IX, 333. 3351 on mechanics' lien, IX, 192-193; on produce ex-
change, IX, 191; political policy, IX, 137; preliminary confer-
ence, IX, 126; resolutions, IX, 191, 192, 333
Hard is, see Hurdis
Hai;dy, Thomas, carpenter, II, 371
Hare, James W. W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 230
Hargan, Thomas, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 183
Hargreaves, James, inventor, I, 38
Harket, John, defendant, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 62-
66, 219
Harkins, William, master cordwainer, III, 105
Harlan, Hon. James, IX, 76
Harman, James, witness, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 23,
42-44
Harriot, James, mechanic, VIII, 217
Harris, Dunbar B., delegate to General Convention of Trades, Bos-
ton, VI, 90, 91
Harris, George, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
300
Harris, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 259
Harris, John B., delegate to National Colored Labor Convention,
IX, 245
Harris, Stephen, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 144
Harris, Stephen R., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V. 242, 261
Harrison, Albert H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 228
Harrison, Alexander, association ist, VII, 205
234 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Harrison
Harrison, Job, III, 67, 71, 72, 77, 83, 85-89
Harrison, William R., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 303
Harrod, Captain — , pioneer, II, 222, 224, 225, 226, 228
Harrower, John, redemptioner, I, 188-189, 326, 366-371
Hart, Albert B., Practical Essays on American Government, V, 26
Hart, Charles, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Hartford County Court Record, IV, Supp., 126-136
Hartford Courant, V, 314
Hartley, Martin, III, 62
Hartwell, Blair and Chilton, Present State of Virginia, The, cited,
II, 169-172
Harvesting, see Rice, Sugar
Harvey, J., member International Workingmen's Association, IX,
378
Harwell, T. H., delegate to Patrons of Husbandry, X, 136
Harwood, Benjamin, delegate to Trades' Union Convention of
District of Columbia, VI, 119
Haskell, Enoch, delegate to Trades' Convention, Boston, VI, 90
Haslam, Thomas, witness, trial Philadelphia Spinners, IV, 267
Hassinger, Phillip, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 289, 301
Hastings, Hugh J., delegate to New York State Industrial Legis-
lature, VIII, 319
Hatch, George M., delegate, New England Workingmen's Associa-
tion, VIII, 93, in, 115
Hatch, Joseph, planter, II, 90
Hatch, Ruby C, delegate to New England Workingmen's Asso-
ciation, VIII, 107
Hatfield, Charles R., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 303
Hathaway, Mrs. — , delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 259
Hat making: machinery, IX, 58; materials, IX, 56
Hatters: advice to immigrants, VII, 66; apprenticeship, VI, 167 ;
IX, 60; cooperation, VI, 58; domestic manufacture, VII, 72;
employers' association, VI, 101-107 ; hours of labor, VI, 153, 153-
155; IX, 62; lockout, VI, 74, 100, 101-107; machinery, IX, 58;
Hellier] INDEX 235
non-union store, V, 231 ; silk hat makers, V, 225 ; "squirtes," IX,
58; straw bonnets, VII, 72; strike, V, 351, 355; VI, 154; IX,
59; unemployment, IX, 61 ; wages, VI, IOO, 104-106, 153, 154-
155, 160; IX, 57, 58, 59; see also Trade unions
Haviland, Israel, master shoemaker, 111,255
Hawkins, — , Pleas of the Crotvn, III, 303
Hawkins, William, witness, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers. III.
96-97
Hawks, F. L., History of North Carolina, cited, II, 271
Hawlry, David C, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 143,
164, 168, 169, 172
Hawley, Thomas D.. delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 51,
171
Hayes, Alexander H., delegate to New York General Trades'
Union, V, 238
Hayes, John, witness, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 121-123
Hays, John, delegate to National Trades' Union, V, 382, 383 ; VI,
265, 269, 277, 342
Haymaking, I, 215, 221, 223
Hayman, J. R., delegate to Baltimore Union Trade Society, VI,
109, in
Hayne, Isaac, agent, II, 305
Haynes, Watson G., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 288
Hayt, John, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V, 247
Haiward [Heywood?], Billings, delegate to New York General
Trades' Union, V, 215
Hayward [Heywood?], William, delegate to National Labor
Union, IX, 171, 194
Hazard, — , Register of Pennsylvania, cited, IV, 265-268
Heath, Joshua A., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288, 295, 300
Hedcnburgh, John C, delegate to New York General Trades'
Union, V, 275, 281, 294
Heim, John J., delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
215
Heintzelman, Dr. — , VI, 44
Hellier, Thomas, autobiography, I, 357-365
236
AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Helm
Helm, John, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 196, 198, 200
Hemingway, Eliza R., factory operative, VIII, 134, 135, 138
Hemingway, Henry, factory operative, VIII, 151, 152, 153
Hemma, William, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 270, 286, 299, 300
Hemp: plantation product, I, 188; South Carolina, II, 274
Hempel, Charles J., associationist, VII, 200
Hemple, Samuel, juror, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 102
Henderson, D. Campbell, delegate to New York City Industrial
Congress, VIII, 287
Henderson, Col. Richard, journal, II, 219-229
Henderson, William, juror, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III,
61, 236
Hennessy, Patrick, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 338
Hennesy, T., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
337
Henry, George, carpenter, II, 371
Hepburn, John, defendant, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III,
62-66, 219
Herald of the New Moral World, cited, VII, 222
Herb, John, mechanic, II, 368
Herr, Thomas W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 270
Herren, William, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 221
Herrick, Hon. — , VIII, 62
Hervey, William, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 182
Hess, — , member International Workingmen's Association, IX, 347
Hesse, — , secretary Pittsburgh Workingmen's Congress, VIII, 333,
334
Hester, Samuel W., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 261
Hester, William, delegate to Patrons of Husbandry, X, 82
Hewett, William, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Hewitt, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196
Hewitt, S. C, associationist, VII, 205
History] INDEX 237
Hewitt [Howitt?], William, delegate to New York General
Trades' Union, V, 219, 305, 308; VIII, 289
Hey wood, Abbie Ballou, acknowledgments to, I, 25
Hewvood, Billings, see Hayxvard
Heywood, E. H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 197
Hibbard, William, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 171, 183
Higgins, F. W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 258
Hihn, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 228
Hik, Frederick, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
Hildreth, Caroline, associationist, VII, 205
Hiler, Josiah, delegate to General Trades' Convention, Boston,
VI, 90
Hill, Albert C, cordwainer, VIII, 236
Hill, Howard, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
260, 296, 299
Hill, J. H., associationist, VII, 242, 248
Hill, William, manufacturer, II, 305
Hill, William T., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 257
Hills, William L., witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV,
Supp., 48
Hinchcliffe, Richard: eight-hour policy, IX, 135; land policy, IX,
188-190; National Labor Reform Party, IX, 272; National
Labor Union, committee member, IX, 140, 188-190; delegate,
IX, 127, 170, 272; immigration policy, IX, 334-335. 336; politi-
cal policy, IX, 137; president, IX, 129; treasurer, IX, 194
Hinchman, Horatio M., delegate to New York General Trades'
Union, V, 289
Hinckley, Hon. Almon G., VIII, 151, 152
Hine, Lewis A: National Labor Union, committee member, IX,
205; cooperative policy, IX, 220; delegate, IX, 197; financial
policy, IX, 206 ; plan for labor statistics, IX, 226 ; report on land
reform, VIII, 60-61
Hinman, — , IX, 75
Hins, — , member International Workingmen's Association, IX, 346
Hinton, R. T., Organization of Labor, IX, 42, footnote
Hissey, William, delegate to Baltimore Trades' Union, VI, 113
Historical Collection of South Carolina, see Carroll (B. R.)
History of American Socialisms, see Noyes (J. H.)
238 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [History
History of England, see Hume (David)
History of New York, III, 275
History of North Carolina, see Hawks (F. L.)
History of Tammany Hall, see Myers (Gustavus)
History of the Pleas of the Crown, see Hale
History of Trade Unionism, see Webb (S. and B.)
History of Virgil A. Stewart, etc., see Hoivard (H. R.)
Hoag, E., delegate to Pittsburgh Workingmen's Congress, VIII,
332
Hodgkin, R., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 258
Hodgson, W. B., planter, I, 315
Hofer, — , delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII,
288
Hoffman, J. O., recorder, III, 364
Hoffner, C. B., delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 375
Hofle, Charles, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
346
Hofwyl: description, V, 105; Fellenberg school, V, 143; institu-
tions, V, 104
Hogan, Thomas: editor National Laborer, VI, 193; educational
policy, VI, 291-293; land policy, VI, 271; National Trades'
Union, address, VI, 235; committee member, VI, 199, 210, 231,
240, 246, 269, 275, 278; committee report, VI, 291-293; dele-
gate, VI, 196; resolutions, VI, 209, 235-237, 250-251, 257-258,
277-278; secretary, VI, 229, 264, 265, 266; vice president, VI,
198, 204; Philadelphia General Trades' Union, committee mem-
ber, V, 349, 355, 382, 383; president, V, 278; VI, 181; reso-
lutions, V, 353
Hogan, Thomas A., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169
Hogeboom, H., counsel, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 277, 285
Holaday, John, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 145
Holbach, — , delegate to Ten-hour Convention, VIII, 94
Holden vs. Hardy, IX, 32, footnote
Holdridge, D. F., delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 168
Holland, Edward, delegate to Patrons of Husbandry, X, 100
Holland, Dr. J. G., IX, 75
Hollasan, Jacob, witness, trial Philadelphia Spinners, IV, 267
Holliday, William, printer, VI, 347
Hours]
INDEX
239
Holmes, William, delegate to General Convention of Trade*, Boa-
ton, VI, 90
Holt, C. J., quoted, III, 326
Holt, John, delegate to General Convention of Trades, Boston,
VI, 90
Home, Ninian, letter, II, 17a
Homringhausen, Frederick, delegate to National Labor Union, IX,
229
Honeywell, Alba, delrgate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288, 303
Honkins, Richard, cordwainers, VI, 316
Hood, John, juror, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 18, 28, 34,
49
Hoogkirk [Houghkirk?], Abraham, delegate to Albany Trades'
Union, VI, 143, 149, 152
Hooker, Edward, Diary, I, 299
Hooker, John, member American Emigrant Company, IX, 75
Hooper, Hon. Samuel P., IX, 303
Hopkinson, Francis, author, III, 166
Hopkinson, Joseph, counsel, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers. Ill,
61, 71, 73, 76, 83, 103, 107, 126, 127, 131, 143
Horey, J. C, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 197
Horse-shoers : strike, V, 244 ; see also Trade unions
Hotson, James, witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp., 81
Hough, Jonathan T., defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen
Tailors, IV, 101, 104, 106, 108, 126, 127, 128, 132, 143, 168
Hough, Thomas, defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101-113, 132, 167
Hours of labor : eight-hour movement, general - carpenters, IX,
277 ; caulkers, IX, 277 ; decision, Holden vs. Hardy, IX, 32. foot-
note; early agitation, VIII, 318; effect of reduction, IX, 47-49,
96-97, 284-301; foreign opposition, IX, 146; hatters, IX, 62;
International Industrial Assembly, IX, 23, 131 ; legislation, IX,
26, 181, 278, 302-303; machinists and blacksmiths, IX, 281-
283; standard of living, IX, 147, 284-301, 306-329; leagues -
Grand, formation, IX, 277; Illinois, IX, 127; Iowa, IX, 128;
higan, IX, 127, 170; local, alliance with socialists, IX, 46;
Beaver Dam, Wis., IX, 170; Boston, IX, 277; Buffalo, N.Y.,
240 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Hours
Hours of Labor (continued) —
IX, 171 ; Corunna, Mich., IX, 171 ; Grand Rapids, Mich., IX,
171; Muskegum, Mich., IX, 171; New Haven, Ct., IX, 127;
Ovid, Mich., IX, 171; Pontiac, Mich., IX, 170; St. John's
Mich., IX, 171; philosophies - Steward vs. George, IX, 28;
Steward vs. Gunton, IX, 27 ; Steward vs. Marx, IX, 24-26 ; see
also Gunton (George), Steward (Ira)
Ten-hour movement, conventions - Boston, VIII, 83, 91-
99, 127-132; Fall River, VIII, 86-91, 1 19-122; Lowell, VIII,
99-106; Lynn, VIII, 113-119; Manchester, VIII, 82-93 »" Massa-
chusetts State, VIII, 127-132 ; organizations - Manayunk Ten-
hour Association, VIII, 28; National Trades' Union, report, VI,
239, 253-255 ; New England Association of Farmers, Mechanics
and other Workingmen, resolutions, V, 193 ; New England
Workingmen's Association, resolutions, VIII, 97-99; New York
State Industrial Legislature, VIII, 318; miscellaneous - agra-
rian policy, V, 147; bakers, V, 304, 305, 307; Boston circular,
VI, 39-43, 94-99; building trades, VI, 47; cabinet makers, VII,
105; carpenters, V, 80-83, 252; VT, 76-77, 79-81; children, V,
59, 60-61, 64-66, 196-197, 258; VIII, 318; cordwainers, see
below, shoemakers ; effect of extension of suffrage, V, 27 ; factory
operatives, V, 33-34, 141, 196, 197, 330; VI, 44"46; VII, 27,
J33, 232; VIII, 86-91, 133-187, 208; Greeley's conversion, VII,
37-39 1 hatters, VI, 153, 154-155 ; introduction of system, V, 252 ;
shoemakers, III, 40, 118; VI, 37; strikes, V, 63-66, 75, 83-85,
205, 326-327; VI, 39-43, 50-52, 73, 76-77, 153, 154, 155-156;
VIII, 81; Van Buren's order, VIII, 85; women, V, 333; VI,
217, 218, 220; VII, 133, 134, 141-143; legislation - general,
VIII, 83-84, 318-319; Massachusetts, legislative report, VIII,
133-187; New Hampshire, VIII, 188-199; Pennsylvania, 200-
207 ; memorial to Congress, VI, 232, 235, 246-248, 274; origin of
movement, V, 34; petitions, VIII, 81 ; Proceedings of the Govern-
ment and Citizens of Philadelphia, VI, 73, 231 ; public employ-
ment, V, 35; VI, 41, 233-234; remonstrance of mechanics, V,
146; resolutions - of citizens of Philadelphia, VI, 44-46; of
employers, VI, 47-49, 79-82 ; of ship carpenters, VI, 81-82, 83-86
General - advantages of reduction, VI, 118-119; American
and English systems compared, IX, 62 ; California, IX, 201 ;
Hubbard] INDEX 241
opposition to reduction, V, 146; VI, 47-49; political effect, V,
27; trade agreement, VIII, 208-209; see National Labor Union,
Steward (Ira)
House carpenters, see Carpenters, Trade unions
House painters, sec Painters, Trade unions
Housing: factory operatives, VII, 134-135; laborers, VIII, 226;
negroes, VII, 97-98; planter, II, 60; policy of National Labor
Union, IX, 139, 150, 233
HouMicr. William H., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 287, 301
Houston, Mordecai, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tai-
lors, IV, 101, 157-158, 159
Houston, Thomas, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 247
Hover, Goodlip, carpenter, II, 371
Hovey, Charles F: land reformer, VIII, 27, 115, 117; discusses
resolution, VIII, 118
Hovill, John, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
223, 226
loward, Asa: New York General Trades' Union, committee mem-
ber, V, 239, 243, 248, 281, 300; delegate, V, 281 ; marshal, V,
259; vice president of mass meeting, V, 318
[ounrd, H. R., History of Virgil A. Stewart, II, 76
toward, John, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 175, 180
Howard, Gen. O. O., IX, 252
Howkins, Richard, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 249, 261, 263, 267, 278
Hoxam, John, carpenter, II, 371
Hoxey, Dr. — , letter, II, 252-254
Hoxey, Asa, carpenter, II, 371
Hoy, Peter, letter, II, 289
Hoyle, Philip, delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VIII, 316
Hoyt, David, associationist, VII, 182
Hoyt, George, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 300
Hubbard, Stephen, delegate to New York State Industrial Legis-
lature, VIII, 316
242 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Hubbs
Hubbs, John C, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Hubert, B., member International Workingmen's Association, IX,
359, 366
Huckett, George, delegate to New York State Industrial Legisla-
ture, VIII, 316
Hudson, Daniel, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 145
Hudson, Noah, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 175, 178,
179
Hudson, William R., delegate to General Convention of Trades,
Boston, VI, 90
Huebner, Dr. Grover G., acknowledgments to, III, 17
Hufty, John, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 229
Hufty, Joseph, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
225, 266
Hughes, Edward, juror, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 18, 28,
33,34,-44
Hughes, T. E., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 127
Hughes, Thomas, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 170
Hulbert, Charles, member American Emigrant Company, IX, 75
Hull, John, delegate to New England Workingmen's Association,
VIII, 107, no
Humbert, Edward, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
Humbert, William B., master baker, V, 307
Hume, Alexander, defendant, trial Twenty Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 315, 319
Hume, David, History of England, cited, III, 311, 346
Hume, George, letter, II, 172-174
Hund, John O., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288
"Hundred Dollar Law," repeal asked, VI, 136
Hungerford, William, counsel, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV,
Supp., 115
Hunt, Governor — , VIII, 321
Hunt, W., counsel, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 277
Hunter, James: weaver, from New York, testifies, IV, Supp., 42-
44; mentioned, IV, Supp., 79
Immigration] INDEX 243
Hunter, John, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
\ 111,289
Hunter, Robert, acknowledgments to, I, 21
Hunter, Robert, defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 107, 113, 116, 120, 124, 128
Hunting, II, 193, 194. 228-229, 233. 244, 261, 277
Huntingdon, Countess of, II, 44
Huntington, Samuel H., counsel, Thompsonville Weavers, IV,
Supp.y 115, 136
Hunt's Mafazine, cited, VIII, 335-336
Hurdis [Hardis?], John: Albany General Trades' Union, chair-
man, VI, 159; committee member, VI, 149, 168, 169; constitu-
tional amendment proposed, VI, 146; delegate, VI, 143 ; motion,
VI, 146, 162; secretary, VI, 143
Hutchings, W. S., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Hyatt, James, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 157
Hyland, James: National Labor Union, committee member, IX,
134, 175; delegate, IX, 128, 129, 169; eight-hour policy, IX,
134-136; political policy, IX, 135-136, 175
Idealism, varieties, VII, 26-40.
lies, William B: National Labor Union, address to Workingmen,
IX, 141-168; committee member, IX, 134, 136, 141-168; dele-
gate, IX, 127; eight-hour policy, IX, 134-136, 145-148; political
policy, IX, 135-136, 136-137; vice president, IX, 129
Illiteracy, VII, 142-143
Immigration: assimilation, I, 51-53; bureau demanded, IX, 339;
commissioners' methods, IX, 63-64; Importation of Chinese -
contract, IX, 83, 84; coolies, character, IX, 82; classes, IX, 82;
members available, IX, 83 ; cost of importation, IX, 83 ; cost of
living, IX, 83 ; demand for, IX, 82 ; hostility of white labor, IX,
84-88 ; Memphis convention, IX, 80-84 ; European - American
Emigrant Company, advertisements, IX, 78-80; agents, IX, 76,
77, 78, 79, 80; capital, IX, 74, 76, 78; charter, IX, 74; demand
for revocation of, IX, 222, 223; contract, IX, 74, 75; members,
IX, 75; methods, IX, 76, 77, 78; objects, IX, 74, 75; offices,
IX. 76; official organ, IX, 77; references, IX, 75-76; convicts,
244 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Imra.
Immigration (continued) —
character, I, 339, 340; VII, 59, 60; classes, I, 339; demand for,
I, 374; runaways, I, 346, 352; hardships en route, I, 339, 372-
373; II, 196; distribution - Florida, I, 87 ; Georgia, I, 85 ; Ken-
tucky, I, 84, 85; North Carolina, I, 84; Pennsylvania, VII, 88;
Rhode Island, VII, 142-143; South Carolina, I, 85; Southern,
II, 247; Texas, II, 251, 253, 256, 257; economic effects -class
feeling, VII, 94-95; general, IX, 86, 221, 222; negro problem,
II, 176; VII, 60; IX, 81; pauperism, V, 25; tariff, VII, 143;
hostility toward, as shown by -Native American Party, VII,
90; workingmen, VII, 88-89; IX, 84-88, 221, 222, 262, 265,
271, 334-336, 348; historical importance, I, 50-52; national-
ities-Barbadians, I, 80; Belgians, IX, 74, 79; changing, I, 50-
51; Chinese (see above); Dutch, II, 179; English, I, 51; II,
79» 179 J V, 25; IX, 61, 74 (see also Indentured Servitude, Re-
demptioners) ; French, IX, 74, 79; German, I, 51, 101 ; II, 183,
184; VII, 92-93; VIII, 226; IX, 74, 79; Greek, I, 349; Irish,
I, 51, 101; II, 179, 183, 286; V, 25; VII, 60, 94; VIII, 225-
226; Italians, I, 51, 348, 349; race relations, I, 101 ; Scandi-
navian, I, 51 ; IX, 74, 79; Scotch, I, 355-356; II, 108; IV, Supp.,
29, 49, 59, 78, 120; Scotch-Irish, I, 78; Slavs, I, 51; Spanish,
I, 349; Swiss, II, 108; IX, 74, 79; Welsh, II, 179; IX, 79;
political effect - democracy, I, 52; Native American Party, VII,
90; trades affected - engineers, II, 177-178; farmers, VII, 64;
hatters, IX, 61-62; shoemakers, IX, 84-86; transportation -
booking shops, VII, 87-88; cost of importation, VII, 83; IX,
82-83; dishonesty of agents, VII, 87; hardships, II, 172-174,
255; VII, 86-88; IX, 63-65; ship accommodations, I, 366-371;
VII, 84-86; inspection of steerage, VII, 83; size of steerage,
VII, 81-82; unsanitary conditions, VII, 81-84; miscellaneous —
advice to immigrants, VII, 68-70; advocated by Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 23; advocated in England, VII, 59; desirable class-
es, II, 76; VII, 59; IX, 81 ; emigration societies, VII, 68; VIII,
23 ; increase, VII, 49, 92-93 ; indentured servitude, I, 77 ; legis-
lation demanded, VII, 87; IX, 74, 86-88, 237, 339; opportun-
ities for immigrants, VII, 76-80; preparation, VII, 68; relation
to land reform, VII, 299; VIII, 23; tradesmen in demand, VII,
79-8o
Industrial] INDEX 24$
Importation of labor, sec Immigration
Importations, iron, VII, 57-58
Incorporation: coopers, III, 54; methods, III, 213; see National
Labor Union
Indentured servitude: artisans, I, 352-354; classes, I, 339-340;
condition, 340-344; German, I, 374-375; John Harrower's
diary, I, 188-189, 329; immigration, I, 77, 78; improvement, I,
77; Italian, I, 349-352; numbers, II, 287; punishment, II, 287;
replaced by slaves, I, 77; runaways, I, 340, 346-348, 352, 353,
374; II, 327; school teacher, I, 366-371; Spanish, I, 348;
stampede, I, 348-352; system approved, I, 340-342; system crit-
icized, I, 343344. 344-345; transportation and trade, I, 366-
369i 372-375; treatment, I, 342; II, 287; wage earners, I, 354-
356; women, I, 341 ; sec also Alsop (George), Frontier, Immi-
gration, Redemptioners
Independent Chronicle and Boston Patriot, cited, VI, 81-86
Indian meal, price, II, 314
Indians: attitude of "Crackers," II, 166; corn, VII, 49; depre-
dations, II, 251; dress of women, II, 230; effect of land re-
form, VII, 319; enslaved by Spaniards, I, 79; government
school, II, 234; hostilities, I, 309; house, II, 230; hunting, II,
190-195; lands purchased, II, 189; murders, II, 220; pioneer
relations, I, 86, 87; II, 246, 250-251, 283-284, 289-290; polic-
ing, I, 72 ; slave, II, 242 ; treaty, II, 219; tribes - Aquelon-pissas,
II, 241-242; Cherokees, I, 86-87; Cherokee lands, II, 239;
Chitimachas, II, 242; Cola-Pissas, II, 241; Creeks, I, 86-87;
Natchez, II, 243, 244; Pasca-Ogoulas, II, 241; Saponey, II,
234-235; Tonicas, II, 246; utensils, II, 230
Indigo: culture, effect of regime, I, 82; failure of industry, I, 85;
plantation production, I, 81, 92; typical plantation, I, 81, 92
Industrial Congress of New York City: convention, VIII, 285-
296, 299-308; delegates, VIII, 83, 285; organization, VIII,
285-286
Industrial depression, see Indigo, Tobacco
Industrial Reform association, VIII, 82
Industrial stages: classification, III, 18, 29, 51, 54; merchant-
capitalist, V, 23; VII, 103-104; IX, 20-22; merchant-jobber,
IX, 21 ; retail shop, IX, 21
246 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Ingalls
Ingalls, James, manufacturer, VII, 139, 140
Ingersoll, Charles J., counsel, trial Philadelphia Plasterers, IV, 340
Ingersoll, Jared R., counsel, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III,
61, 119, 206-224; IV, 23-25, 87, footnote, 102, 230-268
Ingraham, — , alderman, IV, 315, 325
Insects, pests on frontier, II, 199, 255
Inskeep, John, Mayor of Philadelphia, III, 61
Insley, Henry E., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 219, 225, 231, 232, 239, 265; VI, 197
Insurrections, see Conspiracies, Negro plots
International Industrial Assembly of North America: call, IX,
118-120; constitution, IX, 123-125; delegates, IX, 120; ob-
jects, IX, 124; organization, IX, 23; resolutions, IX, 120-123;
see Trades* Assembly
International Labor Union, IX, 46, footnote
International Workingmen's Association : address to delegates, IX,
356-366; affiliation of National Labor Union, IX, 268; aims,
IX, 370-373; American section, IX, 46; anarchism, IX, 45;
appeal to trade unions, IX, 356-359; congresses- IX, 43; Copy
Book of the Central Committee of the North American Feder-
ation, cited, IX, 353-373 ; criticism of National Labor Union,
IX, 363-366; delegate from National Labor Union, IX, 241;
emigration policy, IX, 338-340, 348-349 ; General council - re-
ports, IX, 359-373, 375J growth in America, IX, 369; head-
quarters, IX, 44, 352; history, IX, 44-46, 334-336, 348; in-
fluence of Marx, IX, 43-44; international trade union, IX,
373-375; manuscripts, IX, 373; members, IX, 46, footnote;
North American Federation, national, IX, 46, 351; sections,
IX, 353-354; organization, IX, 43-44, 351; platform, IX, 46,
footnote; rules, IX, 357-358; socialism, IX, 44, 45; see also
Beesly (Edward S.J, Cameron (Andrew C.J, National Labor
Union, Sylvis (William H.J, United Workers of America
Interstate commerce, X, 68, 98
Inventions: effect of shorter hours of labor, IX, 145; working-
men's inventions, IX, 145, 146
Irish: laborers, II, 179; mendicants, II, 183; peddlers, II, 180;
plantation gangs, II, 181 ; see also 1 m migration
Jamieson]
INDEX
247
Iron: demand, II, 308; "flasked ware," II, 308; mills for sale,
II, 304; mines, II, 306-307; smelting, II, 307-312
Iron and steel industry: charcoal, II, 306; cost of living, II, 309;
demand for labor, II, 348; furnaces, II, 307-309, 312, 313;
furnaces for sale, II, 304, 312; slave labor, II, 304; transpor-
tation, II, 310-311 I wages, II, 306, 307, 300-310. 311. 313
Iron moulders: advice to immigrants VII. 65; IX, 70-71 ; wages,
II, 309; VII, 48; see also Trade unions
Erring, Judge — , charge, V, 67
Irving, Robert, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288
Irwin, James, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169
Italians, colony, I, 348; immigrants, I. 51
Ives, Henry H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 170
Jackson, — , delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, VI, 67
Jackson, Alexander J. W: National Trades' Union, amendment
to constitution, VI, 230; delegate, VI, 265; judge of elections,
VI, 229; motions, VI, 228, 229; president, VI, 193, 266; vicr
president, VI, 229; president of National Typographical Con-
vention, VI, 353
Jackson, Andrew: advertisement of runaway slave, II, 67; con-
ference with Robert Owen, VII, 160; equal rights policy, IX,
22; influence of George Henry Evans, VII, 30-31; interest in
ten-hour movement, VII, 40; land policy, VII, 298-299; IX, 162
Jackson, Henry M: Cordwainers' National Union, committee
member, VI, 320, 325; delegate, VI, 317; New York General
Trades' Union, by-law presented, V, 249, 251 ; committee mem-
ber, V, 233, 236, 240, 243, 251 ; delegate, V, 221
Jackson, J. C, land reform, VIII, 26
Jackson, James, land agent, II, 267
Jacobs, — , Law Dictionary, cited, III, 314
Jaeck, Gustav, Die Internationale, IX, 44, foot not V
Jamaica: capture, I, 79; decay, I, 91, 92; eclipsed by San Domingo,
I, 92; gang labor, I, 80; negroes, II, 134; ploughs, II, 137;
rise, I, 91 ; slave labor, I, 80; sugar culture, I, 281-282
Jamieson, John, carpet weaver, VIII, 239
248 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Jamieson
Jamieson, Solomon, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 301
Jantus, Vilem, member International Workingmen's Association,
IX, 359
Jarboe, Walter S., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
Jarvis, James, plaintiff, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 256
Jaures, Jean-Leon, I, 29
Jefferson, Thomas: VII, 19, 20, 22, 160; Notes on Virginia,
cited, II, 158
Jeffersonian, The, VI, 258
Jeffries [Jeffers?], James: National Trades' Union, committee
member, VI, 199, 202, 203; delegate, VI, 196, 197; judge of
election, VI, 204; report on hours of labor, VI, 203; teller,
VI, 198
Jeffries, William, delegate to Union Trade Convention of Dis-
trict of Columbia, VI, 129, 133, 336
Jenkins, Hon. — , VIII, 60
Jenkins, Mrs. Hawkins, I, 122, 134, 320, 336, 337; II, 31, 181
Jennison, H., delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 174
Jessup, William J: National Labor Union, committee member,
IX, 132, 204-205; corresponding representative, IX, 194, 199;
delegate, IX, 128, 169, 195, 258; female labor report, IX,
204-205; letter from George J. Eccarius, IX, 336-337; politi-
cal policy, IX, 136-137; report of New York, IX, 195, 199-
201, 336-337; vice president, IX, 129, 199; president of Work-
ingmen's Assembly of the State of New York, IX, 355
Jewel, Kenneth, master tailor, IV, 103, 107, 112, 129-130, 165
Jewellers: gold and silver artisans, VIII, 288; silversmiths, VIII,
288; see also Trade unions
Jewett, Gilman, land reformer, VIII, 26
Jews of South Carolina, The, see Elzas (B.)
Job, Hezekiah, land reformer, VIII, 27
Johnson, — , defendant, trial Baltimore Weavers, IV, 269
Johnson, Adolphus J., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 288, 300
Johnson, Andrew, master cordwainer, IV, 30
Johnson, Andrew (president): alderman, V, 25; appeal for poor
Jones]
INDI X
240
whites, VIII, 71 ; attacked by land reformers, VIII, 64; com-
mittee from National Labor Union, IX, 140-141 ; land bill,
VIII, 62-64
Johnson, C. Ben: delegate to National Labor Reform Party con-
vention, IX, 272; National Labor Union, delegate, IX, 230,
270; secretary, IX, 271
Johnson, Edward, W 'onder-W 'orking Providence of 'Lion's Saviour
in New England, III, 22
Johnson, Henry D., combmaker, VI, 335
Johnson, John, contract, II, 276; III, 362, 363
Johnson, John, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 250, 274
Johnson, John I., delegate to Baltimore Union Trade Society,
VI, 108
Johnson, Jonathan, master carpenter, VI, 54
Johnson, Moses, land reformer, VIII, 27
Johnson, Richard, spinner, IV, 267
Johnson, Samuel, Dictionary, III, 283
Johnson, Thomas L., delegate to Union Trade Convention of Dis-
trict of Columbia, VI, 133
Johnson, William, drover, II, 277
Johnston, — , cordwainer, IV, 49
Johnston, George, printer, VI, 347, 350
Johnston, J. J., delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 239, 240,
250
Johnston, John, weaver, VI, 342
Johnston, Robert H., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 301
Johnston, W., secretary, Boston Trades' Union, VI, 115
Jonassohn, Louis, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 289, 303
Jones, Charles F. D: National Trades' Union, committee mem-
ber, VI, 267, 269, 270, 274, 281-291, 291-293, 320, 321-324;
delegate, VI, 265, 318; educational report, VI, 291-293; fe-
male labor report, VI, 281-291 ; resolutions, VI, 279, 326; views
on women's unions, VI, 279
Jones, David, witness, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 23, 41-
42, 45
250 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Jones
Jones, Edward, carpenter, II, 371
Jones, George W., member Mechanics' Union, V, 92
Jones, Hugh, Present State of Virginia, I, 339-340
Jones, J., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 197
Jones, John H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
Jones, John T., X, 85
Jones, Joshua, delegate to Union Trade Society, Baltimore, VI,
109, in
Jones, Thomas, land agent, II, 305, 371 ; IV, 101, 158; VI, 318
Jones, W. D., delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 383,
385 ; VI, 265, 267, 269, 270, 272, 279
Joraleman, J. W., land reformer, VIII, 26
Jordan, Ambrose L., counsel, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 277,
283, 286
Jordan, Stewart, juror, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 17
Journal and Letters of Eliza Lucas, cited, I, 309
Journal of a Residence in the United States, see Abdy (E. S.)
Journal of a West Indian Proprietor, see Lewis (M. J.)
Journal of Jurisprudence, cited, IV, 201
Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, see Olmstead (F. L.)
Judge, A. P., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128, 137
Judges, power, III, 22
Judson, Alonzo, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 299
Judson, Lewis, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
261, 362
Julian, Hon. George W., IX, 273
Julian, O. P., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 257
Juner, G. D., witness, II, 141
Jung, — , member International Workingmen's Association, IX,
347
Jung, F., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII, 303
Junio, John J., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196, 198
Junior Sons of '76, X, 33
Justis, Charles, master cordwainer, III, 105
Karnes, William, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
KeUal] INDEX 251
Kaufman, — , delegate to New York City Industrial Congrev,
VIII, 288
Kaulbach, John G., delegate, New England Workingmen's Aaso-
ciation, VIII. US, 1 17, 1 20, 122, 274
Kavanagh, F., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 303
Kay, James, associationiVr. VII. 189, 205
Keane, John, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
221, 233, 240
Kearnan, Thomas, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
Keating, Henry J: National Labor Union, delegate, IX, 195; on
admission of Susan B. Anthony, IX, 198; on woman suffrage,
IX, 205; strike policy, IX, 206, 207
Keating, L., master cordwainer, III, 105
Keating, Thomas, defendant, trial Twenty Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 315, 319, 326
Kebscher, Philip, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
Keeler, Aaron, cordwainer, V, 56
Keeler, J. M., delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, VI, 67, 138
Keen, George, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 231, 261
Kees, Hugh, juror, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 18, 28, 34.
Kecvil, A., delegate to Pittsburgh Workingmen's Convention,
VIII, 332
Kehoe, Philip, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 235, 237,
246, 248
Keimer, George, defendant, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III,
62-66, 219
Keisinger, George W., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Conven-
tion, VIII, 346
Kelley, O. H : circular, X, 80; organizer of Patrons of Husbandry,
IX, 49; Patrons of Husbandry, cited, X, 71-74, 74-76, 76-79;
secretary of National Grange, X, 80
Kellogg, E. N., land reformer, VIII, 27
Kellogg, Edward: financial policy, IX, 39-40; Labor and Other
Capital, IX, 33-34, 34, footnote; A New Monetary System, IX,
226-227
tl, Col. Roger, planter, I, 269
252 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Kemble
Kemble, George, witness, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 67,
105
Kemp, Alexander, delegate to Albany General Trades' Conven-
tion, VI, 166
Kemp, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 231
Kenaday, A. M., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 201
Kennedy, Andrew, member of jury, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers,
III, 62
Kennedy, Daniel, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Kennedy, Edward, plaintiff, trial Kennedy vs. Treillou, IV, 265-268
Kennedy, John, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
276
Kennedy, Samuel, juror, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 61,
153; IV,Supp., 16
Kenny, Charles, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
Kent, Chancellor, Commentaries, quoted, IV, 290, 291, 295, 302
Kentucky: character of settlers, I, 91; development, I, 87; diver-
sified industry, I, 90; Fort Boone, II, 221-222; frontier, I, 84;
government, II, 225 ; hunting, II, 228-229 ; immigration, I, 84-
85 ; Louisville, canal, II, 347 ; founding, II, 260-262 ; manufac-
tures, II, 301; pioneers, I, 84; II, 219-229
Kentucky Gazette, The, cited, II, 301
Kentucky Gazette and General Advertiser, The, cited, II, 329
Kentucky Reporter, The, cited, II, 335
Kenyon, Lord, quoted, III, 173
Keogh, Matthew, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288, 300
Ker, Henry, Travels, II, 166
Kerns, Robert, witness, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 52-53
Ketchum, Garratt, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 318
Ketchum, Morris, IX, 76
Keys, — , weaver, IV, Supp., 60, 62, 64, 67, 68, 73, 94, 95. 103
Keyser, John H., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 285, 287, 288, 295
Kibbe, Robert, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 152
Kidney, William, plaintiff, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 256
Knox] INDEX 253
Kilbournc, James, delegate to New York State Industrial Legis-
lature, VIII, 316
Kihlarc, William, printer, VII, 131
Kilgore, — , delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 272
Kilmer, David, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
261, 282; VII, 308, 310
kilsby, William, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 282
Kimball, Dr. — , VIII, 144, 145
Kimball, Nathan, carpenter, VI, 35
King, — , judge, trial Philadelphia Spinners, IV, 267-208
King, E. W., counsel, trial Deitz vs. Tate, V, 69
King, James, weaver, IV, Supp., 107
King, John, juror, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 17
King, Richard, cordwainer, IV, 39
King, W. A., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
337
King, William S., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196
"King Cotton," I, 283-292
Kirby, J. Edward, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128, 137
Kirkup, William, association ist, VII, 241, 242, 248
Kirsch, Otto, delegate to National Labor Union, X, 228
Kittle, Nicholas, master shoemaker, IV, 279, 287
Kline, Jacob, tailor, IV, 103, 107, III, 1 24-1 25
Kling, John, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 152
Kneringer, James, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 256
Knight, Daniel R., master carpenter, VI, 54
Knights of Labor: cypher, X, 25; demoralization, IX, 5051 ; ex-
tension, X, 34-35; founding ceremony, X, 25-31 ; initiation, X,
19-24; nature, IX, 49; objects, IX, 49; officers, X, 19-20; or-
ganization, IX, 49; X, 33; origin, V, 32; ritual, IX, 49-50;
seal, X, 32
Knights of St. Crispin, see Shoemakers, Trade unions, national
Knowles, Thomas C, delegate to International Industrial Assem-
bly, IX, 120
Knowles, William, cordwainer, VI, 318
Knox, J. J., United States Notes, IX, 34
254
AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
[Knox
Knox, William, letter, I, 318, 325
Knoxville Register, The, cited, I, 374; II, 278
Kohler, — , cordwainer, VII, 308
Koons, Michael, defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tai-
lors, IV, 101, 107, in, 112, 113, 119, 125, 128
Koopmanschaap, — , importer coolie labor, IX, 82-83
Kossack, Daniel, master cordwainer, III, 105
Krauth, A. H., printer, VI, 347, 348, 350
Krepps, J. W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 170, 175, 194
Kriege, Herman, editor Folks Tribun, VII, 225, footnote, 225-231 ;
VIII, 27
Kronberg, D., member, United Workers of America, IX, 378
Kuhn, Conrad: National Labor Union, delegate, IX, 196, 229,
259; on admission of Susan B. Anthony, IX, 231; resolutions,
IX, 237-238, 240; tariff policy, IX, 265; trade union policy,
IX, 237-238, 240; vice president, IX, 242, 269
Kuhn, John J., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Kuykendall, A., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 186
Labarthe, Michael, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI,
196, 197, 198, 199, 210, 213
Labor: demand for, II, 347-349 (see also various trades) ; dis-
honored in south, II, 341 ; evils of cheap, II, 358; frontier, I, 75 ;
gang, I, 80, 101, 335; II, 135; indentured servants, I, 77; mi-
grations, V, 32; IX, 55; necessity for organization, VII, 342;
IX, 22, 182; press, V, 21; scarcity, II, 170-171, 174-176, 271-
272, 347; task, I, 117, 118, 126, 129, 160, 260, footnote, 272,
273, 275, 349; see Labor movement, Slave labor. Trade unions
Labor and Capital, see Kellogg (Edivard)
Labor conspiracy cases, see Conspiracy
Labor movement: awakening period, V, 20; California, IX, 202;
changing characteristics, V, 23 ; comparison with English, V, 23 ;
cycles, V, 19-20; definition, V, 21 ; demand for free schools, V,
27-29; dormant period, VI, 28; effects of Civil War, V, 23;
panic, VII, 32; extension, IX, 158; extension of suffrage, V,
26-27; factory system, V, 23; first national organization, V, 32;
greenbackism, V, 33; imprisonment for debt, V, 28-29; influ-
Lamar I
INDI \
255
ence of agrarianiMii, VII, 32; influence of finance, V, 20; neces-
sity for organization, IX, 182; negro labor, IX, 158-160; period
of the thirties, V, 37; issues of 1863, V, 33; origin, V, 23; pe-
riods contrasted, V, 33; prospects of workingmen, V, 182
Labor reform organizations: Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII , <; American Industrial League, IX, 288; Benevo-
lent Society of Social Reformers, VIII, 288; Ex-board of Schuyl-
kill County, IX, 270; Fall River Mechanics' Association, VIII,
91; Female Labor Reform Association, VIII, 82, 83, 118; In-
dustrial League, IX, 269; Labor Association, IX, 257; Labor
Lodge, IX, 257; Labor Reform League, VIII, 82, 125-127;
IX, 197; Ladies' Mechanics' Association, VIII, no; Land and
Labor Reform Union, IX, 170; Lynn Female Society, VIII,
91 ; Mechanical Association of the Town of Augusta (Ga.), I,
370, footnote; Mechanical Order of the Sun, IX, 196; Mechan-
ical Protective Association, IX, 228 ; National Association for
the Protection of Labour, V, 22 (see International Working-
men's Association') ; New England Association of Farmers, Me-
chanics and other Workingmen - call, V, 192 ; character, V, iSs ;
constitution, V, 192-195; report on education, V, 195-199; re-
port on female labor, V, 23 ; New England Industrial League,
VIII, 326-327; New England Reform Association, IX, 277;
Protective Union Labor Association, VIII, 305-307; Savannah
Association of Mechanics, I, 368-370; Social Reform Associa-
tion, VIII, 93; Workingmen's National Society, V, 387
Laborers: agricultural, V, 33; resolutions, VIII, 223-225; strike,
VI, 40; wages, VII, 47; see also Trade unions
Laboulles, L., defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 104, 108, 128, 132, 134, 168, 173
Ladd [Ludd?], Emery, delegate to New York General Trades'
Union, V, 277, 298
Lafflin, J. W., delegate to International Industrial Assembly, IX,
120
La Fourche Gazette, The, cited, II, 277
Laibold, J. E., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 170
Lake Ponchartrain, II, 241
Lamar, John B., plantation correspondence, I, 167-183, 309-313,
323 ; II, 38, 41
256 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Lamb
Lamb, E., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII,
303
Lamb, Peter, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 144
Lamb, William, land reformer, VIII, 27
Lambert, Robert, defendant, trial New York Cordwainers, III,
252
Lamont, John, weaver, IV, Supp., 36, 83-84
Lampman, Casparus P., juror, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 279,
312
Land: agencies, II, 239-240; California system, IX, 47; charac-
ter, II, 234. 235, 236, 237, 244, 253, 261 ; clearing, II, 169, 195,
256; cotton, II, 251; distribution, IX, 47; drainage, VII, 303,
footnote; exhausted, I, 88, 291 ; fertility, I, 74, 247, 265; II, 63;
frauds, VIII, 318; German policy, VII, 310-312; grants, I, 47;
II, 235, 240, 247, 260-262; IX, 46; homestead, I, 47, 48, 65-
78; Indian, I, 86-87; II, 189, 190, 239; lottery, VII, 190, 257-
260; Louisiana, II, 244; monopoly, V, 46; VII, 343; IX, 47,
323; North Carolina, II, 236-237; preparation for crop, I, 330;
prices, I, 148, 149, 166, 176-177, 186; II, 73, 234, 259, 265,
267; VII, 54, 69; sales, II, 263, 267; savannas, II, 234; settle-
ment, VII, 73-74; squatters, II, 238-239; VII, 73-74; Texas,
II, 253; unexplored, VII, 298; unoccupied, I, 73; Virginia, II,
235; see also Agrarianism, Agriculture, Association, Farmers,
Land Reform, Patrons of Husbandry
Landers, John, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Landlordism: English, IX, 47; German, IX, 47
Land Reform: address of working people, VII, 293-305; advan-
tages of, VII, 318-320; alien's privileges, VII, 313-314; appel-
lations of advocates, VIII, 43 ; associationists' theory, VII, 288-
289; attitude of Germans, VII, 310-312; attitude of organized
labor, VII, 307-310; bibliography, VII, 287; Congressional re-
port, VII, 300-301; effects - machinery, VII, 303-304, 309;
immigration, VII, 299; Indians, VII, 318-319; labor move-
ment, VII, 32; pauperism, VII, 301; wages, I, 48; frauds,
VIII, 318; public lands -free to settlers, VII, 307, 312; Ger-
man policy, VII, 310-312; grants opposed, IX, 47, 162; home-
stead- equal, VII, 291; exemption, VII, 290, 292, 316, 317;
Land]
INDIX
257
\ III. 53; IX, 47; Federal bill, debates, VIII, 65-78; inalien-
able, VII, 291-29J; VIII, 43; individual, VII, 293, 315; law
of 1862, IX, 46; hostility of press, VIII, 29-40, 48, 59-60; in-
fluence of French Revolution, VIII, 29; leaders, IX, 47; see
also Evans (George Henry), Greeley (Horace), Macdaniel
(Osborne); legislation proposed, VII, 3435. 35. footnote, 313-
317, 320-324; VIII, 43-44. 55-56, 62-64; IX, 46; limitation
of holdings, VII, 290, 307, 310, 315. 316-317, 324; VIII, 43.
53-58, 59-60, 60-61 ; memorial to Congress, VII, 317-320; VIII,
62, 64-65; monopoly, evils, VII, 299, 300; natural Hunt to the
soil, VII, 291, 299, 301, 312, 320, 322-323; VIII, 29-31 ; New
York legislative report, VIII, 51-52; newspapers, VIII, 53;
Ohio report of L. A. Hine, VIII, 60-61 ; organizations - Anti-
Monopoly Association, IX, 170; Green County (Wis.) Claim
Society, VIII, 44-48; Industrial Congress - alliance with Lib-
erty League, VIII, 21; congresses, VIII, 21; delegates, VIII,
26-28; freedom of soil, protective measures, VIII, 22; immi-
gration policy, VIII, 23; Industrial Legislatures advocated,
VIII, 22; land bill, VIII, 21-22; nominations, VIII, 21 ; prelim-
inary convention, call, VIII, 21, 23-25; resolutions, VIII, 22-
23; ten-hour movement, VIII, 21; Land and Labor Reform
Union, IX, 170; National Reform Association, VIII, 221 ; pol-
icy, VII, 324; National Reform Union of the City of New
York - "Address to the people of the United States," VII, 294-
305; committee, VII, 294; membership, VII, 293; newspapers,
VII, 293; National State Central Committee, VIII, 318; Pre-
emptors' Union, IX, 258; "patroons," VII, 300; philosophies -
George Henry Evans, VII, 31, 313-315; Henry George, IX,
47; William Lloyd Garrison, VII, 351-352; Horace Greeley,
VIII, 40-44; Gerrit Smith, VII, 352-364; Thomas Spence,
VII, 321-322; policy of National Labor Union, IX, 139, 140,
160-164, 181, 188-190, 233, 236, 267, 268; political activity,
VII, 289; public lands- effect on immigration, VII, 299; ex-
tent, VII, 298, footnote; Canadian, VII, 69; freedom of, VII,
290; Green County Claim Society, VIII, 44-48; Illinois, VII,
70; Jackson's policy, VII, 298-299 ; IX, 162 ; Michigan, VII, 69-
70; speculation, VII, 299; public utilities, VII, 315; relation to
other reforms - abolition, VII, 351-364; Association, VII, 319,
258 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Land
Land Reform (continued) —
325-327, 327-33I. 33I-340; cooperation, VII, 349-35©; educa-
tion, VII, 340-341; Owenism, VII, 344-349; VIII, 36; rights
of settlers, VII, 314; township policy, VII, 290, 313; "Vote
Yourself a Farm," VIII, 305-307 ; Wisconsin, Homestead ex-
emption, VIII, 53; Greeley's report, VIII, 49-51 ; Green Coun-
ty Claim Society, VIII, 44-48; land limitation bill, VIII, 53-
60; see also Agrarianism, Evans (George Henry), Greeley
(Horace), Land, Skidmore (Thomas)
Lane, Ermine A., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 257, 267
Lane, Thomas, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V,3»
Lane, William H., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 312
Lang, J. P., mechanic, II, 368
Lang, W. W., delegate to Patrons of Husbandry, X, 117, 131,
133, 136
Langston, J. M., delegate to National Colored Labor Convention,
IX, 244, 252, 259, 260, 261
Larkin, Charles H., VIII, 54, 56
Lassalle, Ferdinand, IX, 33, 35
Lasselle, — , delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, VI, 67
Latham, R. W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 258
Latty [Lattie?], James, weaver, IV, Supp., 35, 82-83
Lavine, — , delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 265
Law, David, Jr., plaintiff, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 256
Law, James, weaver, IV, Supp., 34, 35, 49, 67-72
Law, John, II, 247
Lawler, Frank, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 171
Lawless, — , defendant, trial Baltimore Weavers, IV, 269
Lawlessness, frontier, II, 238, 283, 286-288
Lawrence, — , factory operative, VIII, 146
Lawrence, Amos, master carpenter, VI, 81
Lawrence, John A., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 338, 340
Lawrence, W. L., juror, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 362
Lawson, Thomas, advertisement, II, 83
Leiserson] INDEX 259
Lawton, Col. A. R., acknowledgments to, I, 103
Lawton, E. H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 228
Lawton, Robert B., defendant, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 277;
VI, 166
Lawyer, fee, II, 198
Lea, E., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII, 302
Lead, price, VII, 48
League of Friendship, sec Trades' Assembly, Louisville
Leah and Rachel, see Hammond (John)
Leary, Peter, master hatter, VI, 107
Leather, price, IV, 51, 54
Leather cutters, advice to immigrants, VII, 65
Leather dressers: frontier, II, 175; employers' association, V, 301;
employers' hostility to union, V, 301 ; strike, V, 352-353 ; see
also Trade unions
Leaver, Gabriel, II, 369
Leavitt, J. B., delegate to New England Workingmen's Association,
VIII, 107, 113
Leavitt, William D., delegate to New England Workingmen's
Association, VIII, 107
Le Barnes, J. W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 195, 205
Lee, Charles, plaintiff, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 256
Lee, D., land reformer, VIII, 26
Lee, Jesse, letter, II, 284-286
Lee, Moses, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 317, 320,
32i, 325
Lee, Richard, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 181
Lee, William H : National Labor Union, assistant recording secre-
tary, IX, 129; committee member, IX, 132, 141 ; delegate, IX,
128; political policy, IX, 137
Legislation: criminal code, III, 185-186; contracts of negroes, II,
364-365; educational, V, 101 ; factory, V, 35; labor, III, 55-58;
land, VII, 35, footnote; lien, V, 29, 153, 158; VIII, 123; IX,
201 ; mill toll, II, 346; monetary demanded, IX, 179; railroad,
X, 50, 54-59; wages, IV, 60; see also Education, Hours, Na-
tional Labor Union, Patrons of Husbandry
Leiserson, William M., acknowledgments to, VII, 19, footnote
26o AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Le Lach.
Le Lacheure, William, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 163,
164, 165
Leland, T. C, associationist, VII, 253, 254
Lent, James G., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Leonard, D., delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 144
Leonard, Enos M : National Labor Union, committee member, VI,
231, 238, 255, 263, 320, 324, 325; delegate, VI, 229, 316, 317;
member of Board of Commissioners, VI, 243 ; resolution, V, 327-
329 ; ten-hour policy, V, 253-255
Leonard, William J., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
Lescohier, Don D., acknowledgments to, III, 53, footnote
Leslie, James, master carpenter, VI, 54
Lessner, — , German, member International Workingmen's Union,
IX, 347
Letters from America, see Eddis (William)
Letters to Washington, see Hamilton (S. M.)
Levans, — , land agent, II, 247
Levee: break, I, 317; sugar plantation, I, 223
Levy, Moses, counsel, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 61, 73,
75, 83, 99, 102, 104, 106, 113, 116, 117, 120, 126, 127, 129,
144, 203,224-236; IV, 73
Lewden, William, mechanic, II, 368
Lewis, H. W. L., delegate to Patrons of Husbandry, X, 85
Lewis, J. B., delegate to New England Workingmen's Association,
VIII, 107
Lewis, M. J., Journal of a West Indian Proprietor, I, 281-282;
II, 40, I33-I40, 154
Lewis, Nathaniel, carpenter, II, 369, 371
Lewis, Thomas, plaintiff, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 256,
371
Lewis, Thomas W., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 270, 286
Lewis, William, cordwainer, IV, 26
Libenau, — , delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V, 224
Liberator, The, cited, VII, 219-221, 351-352
Liberty and the Free Soil Parties, see Smith (T. C.)
Loanc] INDEX i6l_
Liberty League: alliance with land reformers, VIII, 21 ; nomina-
tions, VIII, 21
Liddle, William, weaver, IV, Supp., 31, 33, 35, 65, 68, 69, 72,
74-77. 90
Liebknecht, — , member of International Workingmen's Associa-
tion, IX, 347
Life of Gerrit Smith, see Frothingham (O. B.)
Life of Mr. Turgot, III, 160
Lighty, Mrs. W. H., acknowledgments to, III, 17
Lincecum, Gideon, autobiography, II, 185
Lincoln, Abraham, memorial to, IX, 72-73
Lincoln, Ambrose H., weaver, VIII, 239
Lindsay, John, master carpenter, VI, 54
Linen, manufacture, I, 189; II, 274
Linikin, Benjamin, report on cooperation, VIII, 263
Linn, Jennet, letter, II, 274
Linn, Capt. John, II, 274
Linsted, T. W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 170
Lisk, William H., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 346
List, Robert, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Litchman, Charles H., grand secretary of Knights of Labor, X, 25
Lithgow, J. S., manufacturer, IX, 97
Lithographic printers, see Printers, Trade unions
Littell, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI. 181. 185
Little, Thomas, weaver, IV, Supp., 36, 72
Liverman, Conrad, mechanic, II, 370, footnote
Livingston, John W., juror, trial New York Cordwainers, III,
362
Livingston, William, defendant, trial Twenty Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 315, 319, 326; V, 257, 296
Livzey, John, juror, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 61
Lloyd, George, juror, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors, IV,
102
Lloyd, Thomas, court reporter, III, 59
Loane, Richard, delegate to Trades' Union Convention of the
District of Columbia, VI, 130, 133
262 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Lock
Lock, Eli, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 145, 149, 158
Lockhead, John, weaver, IV, Supp., 54, 56, 93, 106
Lockman, Mathias, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 312
Lockout: hatters, VI, 74, 100; shoemakers, II, 37; weavers, IV,
Supp., 24, 41
Loco-foco Party, V, 36
Locomotives: manufacture, VII, 58 ; see also Engineers
Logan, Francis, cordwainer, IV, 18, 27, 28
Logan, Samuel, witness, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 93-
96, 105
Logan, Thomas, witness, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 286, 287
Log-rolling, I, 231-244
London Company, I, 74-75
Lonergan, James, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 144
Long, Dennis, manufacturer, IX, 97
Long, F. A., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 257
f-<ong> John, carpenter, II, 371
Longshoremen, strike, VI, 41
Longstreth, John, master carpenter, VI, 54
Longstreet, William, mechanic, II, 370, footnote
Loof burrow, Wade, associationist, VII, 241, 242, 245, 248
Looney, Peter, contract, II, 276
Lord, Elisha, juror, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 279, 312
Losee, William H., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Lottery: evils, V, 119; VI, 273; land, II, 190, 258-260; Phila-
delphia offices, V, 119
Louck, William, carpenter, V, 80, 84
Louis, Ernest, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
Louisiana: American regime, I, 86; cotton production, I, 86;
crime, II, 121; industry, I, 84; New Orleans, I, 84; pioneers,
II, 240-249; plantation life, II, 240; plantation profit, II, 197;
plantation records, I, 214-230, 253, 254, 256-258; slaves, II, 31 ;
Spanish regime, I, 84; sugar plantations, I, 86, 90; topography,
II, 241
Louisiana Courier, The, cited, I, 319
Luther) INDEX 263
Louisiana Gazette, The, cited, II, 359
Louisiana Journal, The, cited, II, 53, 88, 250
Loutrel, Francis C, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
grm, VIII, 288, 301, 337
Love, E., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII,
303
Low, William, cordwaincr, IV, 18, 34, 43, 44
Lowe, Jacob, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
236,237,251,259, 262
Lowe, James W., delegate to Union Trade Society, Baltimore,
VI, 108
Lowe, John, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288, 301
Lowell Journal, The, quoted, VIII, in
Lowell Operative, VIII, 221
Lowndes, D., juror, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 61
Lowrey, Charles F., printer, VI, 348
Loyalists, emigration, II, 165
Lucas, Eliza: Journal and Letters of, I, 309; letter, II, 43 ; see also
Pinckney (Eliza L.)
Lucker, Charles H : delegate to National Labor Reform Party, IX,
272; National Labor Union, alternate delegate to International
Workingmen's Association, IX, 241, 338; delegate, IX, 170,
196, 258, 272; immigration policy, IX, 335; motion, IX, 337;
on admission of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, IX, 198; on admission
of negroes, IX, 187; president, IX, 232; vice president, IX,
194, 227
Luke, Charles, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 230
Lukins [Luckens?], Jacob, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen
Tailors, IV, 101, 159
Lull, Harvey, association ist, VII, 245
Lumber, II, 196
Luther, Seth: Boston circular, VI, 43; National Trades' Union,
address, VI, 245-246 ; committee member, VI, 237, 240-242, 245,
246; corresponding member, VI, 228; delegate to New York
General Trades' Union, V, 251 ; delegate to Newark Trades'
Union, VI, 178; motion, VI, 231, 235; resolution. VI, 238, 239,
264 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Luther
Luther, Seth (continued) —
251 ; New England Workingmen's Association, committee mem-
ber, VIII, 83; Trades' Union of Boston and Vicinity, committee
member, VI, 99; delegate, VI, 91 ; secretary, VI, 90
Lybrand, Charles D., VI, 44
Lydecker, Peter, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 181
Lyder, Frederick, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 228
Lyell, Charles, Second Visit to the United States, II, 45, 46, 140,
183, 196, 255, 337, 36i
Lyle, Samuel, witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
107
Lyman, S. P., member American Emigrant Company, IX, 75
Lyman, Samuel W., association ist, VII, 248, 255, 259
Lynch, John, witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp., 107
Lynchburg Virginian, The, cited, II, 196
Lynch law, II, 299
Lynde, Willoughby, printer, V, 214
Lyon, Caleb, nominated for canal commissioner, VIII, 326
Lyon, Henry, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 177, 317
Lyon, Lewis, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 175, 177,
196, 197, 204, 325
Lyon, Philip, witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, 101, 155
M abb att, Samuel, plaintiff, trial New York Cordwainers, III,
256
M'Allister, — , cordwainer, IV, 49
McAndrew, Thomas, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
McArthur, Arthur, address on land reform, VIII, 54, 58
Macaulay, Thomas B., IX, 288
McAuley, Dennis, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 270
McBeath, James, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 214, 219, 254, 264, 267, 285, 286, 295, 299, 318; VI, 195
McCabe, Robert, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
McCafferty, Robert, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 301
M'Cracken]
INDKX
265
McCaffit, John, Jr., delegate to New York State Industrial Legis-
lature, VIII, 316
M'Calla [M'Cally, M'Calley?], Robert, delegate to Philadelphia
Trades' Union, V, 355, 376 ; VI, 239, 245, 257. 263
MrCammon, William, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union,
VI, 168, 172
McCarthy, Charles, acknowledgments to, I, 103
McCarthy, Charles, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 285, 287, 295. 301, 341
IfcCntJ, William J., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 230,
239, 257
McCauley, W. L., cordwainer, VI, 331
McCauley, W. S., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 132,
134, 136, 137. Hi
M'Cauley, William S., delegate to Union Trade Society, Balti-
more, VI, 108
McChesney, Elijah A., delegate to Albany General Trades' Union,
VI, 140, 168, 169, 170, 172
McChristie, Ewing, weaver, IV, Supp., 42, 51, 86, 88
M'Clean, Thomas, juror, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 61
M'Clintock, John, weaver, IV, 52, 53, 55-56
M'Clintock, Joseph A., V, 123
McClosky, Cornelius, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 295, 301
McClosky, M. J., member International Workingmen's Association,
IX, 378
McClure, — , delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, VI, 67, 69
,M'Clure, Francis, justice, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 17
McClure, John A., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 270
McConnell, Hon. — , VIII, 64
McCormick, Mrs. Bridget, witness, trial Philadelphia Spinners,
IV, 267
McCormick, James W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
McCormick, P., manufacturer, VIII, 205
McCormick, Stanley, acknowledgments to, I, 21
M'Cracken, Daniel, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V,
358
M'Cracken, James, land reformer, VIII, 27
266 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [McCrary
McCrary, George W., X, 113
M'Cready, Thomas, witness, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 362
McCrone, Robert, carpet weaver, VIII, 239
M'Culley, William, witness, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III,
103-104
McCurdy, J. W., master shoemaker, VI, 35
M'Curdy, John, master cordwainer, III, 105
Macdaniel, Osborne: address on slavery, VII, 216-218; Associa-
tionist convention, committee member, VII, 189, 200; director,
VII, 205; secretary, VII, 188; land reform - delegate to con-
vention, VIII, 26; policy, VII, 327-331 ; letter, VII, 241, 245
McDannell, Thomas, delegate to New York General Trades'
Union, V, 234
McDermott, — , delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 267
McDiarmid, William, associationist, VII, 206, 241, 247
McDonald, D., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
MacDonald, Mary A., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 195,
205, 208
McDonald, Robert B., land reformer, VIII, 28
M'Donald, Thomas, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 220, 237, 247
McDonald, William, delegate to New York General Trades'
Union, V, 215
McDonnell, J. P: member of International Workingmen's Asso-
ciation, IX, 30, 46, footnote; secretary of United Workers of
America, IX, 378
McDonough, G., delegate to New York Citv Industrial Congress,
VIII, 287
M'Dowell, — , cordwainer, IV, 49
McDowell, Richard, weaver, IV, Supp., 33, 53, 103, 106
Mace, Daniel, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196
McElroy, — , defendant, trial Baltimore Weavers, IV, 269
McElwain, John, delegate, New York General Trades' Union,
V.3O0
McEndow, Henry, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 316
MacFaden, William, witness, trial Philadelphia Spinners, IV, 267
McHugh] INDEX 267
M'Fann, Thomas, witness, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 23,
37-38. 40, 48, 52-53
M'Fannand, — , master cordwaincr, IV, 28
M'Farland, Wright, defendant, trial New York Cordwaincrs, III,
252
McFarlane, George R., V, 349; VIII, 26
MacFarlane, Robert: biography, VIII, 251, footnote; address, 251-
262 ; nominee for state surveyor, IX, 326
M'Garvey, James, spinner, IV, 266
McGec, Patrick, witness, trial Pittsburgh Cordwaincrs, IV, 23, 39
McGill, Charles, weaver, IV, Supp., 34, 94
Mi Gill, John, witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp., 86
McGlynn, John, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
McGonigal, James, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 257
McGovern, Philip, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 197
McGowan, Robert, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
M'Granahan, William, witness, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV,
23, 28, 45, 53
McGrann, John, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 318,
320, 324
McGuire, J. C, delegate to Trades' Union Convention of District
of Columbia, VI, 126, 127, 138
Machinery: agricultural, VII, 303, footnote; apple parer, I, 255;
carding, II, 329; cloth manufacturing, VII, 275; cordwainers',
III, 51-52; corn sheller, I, 255; cotton mills, II, 333; effect, I,
38-40; III, 28; VII, 30, footnote, 47, 203, 295-297, 309; hatters,
IX, 58; introduction, I, 37; invention and eight-hour day, IX,
145; labor saving, V, 225; manufacture, VII, 57; monopoly,
VIII, 103-104; rope yarn, V, 224, 225; spinning, V, 224; steam
engines, VII, 303 ; sugar mill, I, 227
Machinists and blacksmiths: advice to immigrants, VII, 64; eight-
hour resolutions, IX, 279-285; Proceedings of International
Union, cited, IX, 117; see also Trade unions
McHoes, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 197, 224
McHugh, L., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 258, 265
268 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Mackall
Mackall, Levin, planter, II, 208
McKay, F. C. D., member American Emigrant Company, IX, 75
McKay, William, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
158
M'Kean, Gov. Thomas, III, 59
McKean [McKain?], J. P: Washington General Trades' Union,
committee member, VI, 121, 123, 125, 126, 129, 136-137." dele-
gate, VI, 119; resolutions, VI, 1 20 ; secretary , VI, 121, 126, 127,
131. 133. 134; secretary's report, VI, 124
McKechnie, — , witness, trial Thompson ville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
107
McKechnie, Robert, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 195,
220
M'Kee, — , manufacturer, IV, 28
McKeeby, Edward, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 261, 262, 267, 282
McKeeven, John, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 175
M'Keever, H., defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 108, 120, 128, 132, 168
McKenny, James, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 171
MacKenzie, W. L., land reformer, VII, 305
McKeon, John, VI, 148
McKewen, — , IV, 269
Mackey, Captain — , report on southern labor, IX, 253
McKiernan, Thomas, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
McKim, James, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 129
McKinley, S. E., author, II, 183
M'Kinley, Thomas, plaintiff, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 256
McKnight, Andrew, weaver, IV, Supp., 51, 57
Macky, Thomas, cordwainer, IV, 18, 28, 34, 46
M'Laughlin, Patrick, defendant, trial New York Cordwainers, III,
252
McLaughlin, William J., delegate to National Labor Union, IX,
261
McLean, Charles: address before National Colored Labor Con-
vention, IX, 244 ; National Labor Union, committee member, IX,
339 ; delegate, IX, 228, 258 ; financial policy, IX, 265 ; immigra-
Maddoxj INDEX 269
tion policy, IX, 265-266; on admission of John M. Langston,
IX, 260-261 ; on admission of Susan B. Anthony, IX, 231
M'Mackcn, J., defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 104, 108, 113, 118, 120, 127, 128, 132, 134, 136, 168
McMahon, J. V. L., counsel, trial Baltimore Weavers, IV, 272
McMahon, John, secretary Mechanics' Union, V, 92
McMahon, Michael, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 301 ; IX, 230
Mi Michael, Daniel, letters, I, 183- 1 86
McMickin, John, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
140, 144, 149, 152, IS5, 158, 164
McMullen, Hon. F., speech, VIII, 71-72
McMullen, John, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
M'Mullison, Henry, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 181
M'Munn, George, defendant, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV,
18,28
McNab, John, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 337
McNair, John, carpet weaver, VIII, 239
McNally, — , Justice of the Peace, cited, III, 330, 354
McNeill, George E: IX, 30; Labor Movement, IX, 46, footnote;
member of International Workingmen's Association, IX, 46,
footnote
M'Ninch, James, defendant, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 252
McPhail, William, delegate to Baltimore Trade Union Society, VI,
108, 119, 129
M'Quay, Samuel, witness, trial Philadelphia Spinners, IV, 267
McQueen, James, witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
107
McQueeny, Thomas, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169
M'Quiston, Joseph, witness, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV,
34-37
Macy, V. Everit, acknowledgments to, I, 21
Madden, John, association ist, VII, 276
Madden, Owen, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 144
Madden, William F., association ist, VII, 276
Madder, II, 273
Maddox, Ellis, blacksmith, II, 349
270 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Madigan
Madigan, — , delegate to New England Industrial League, VIII,
330
Madison, James, president, VI, 131 ; VII, 160
Magagnos, Julian A., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Conven-
tion, VIII, 337, 339, 340, 34i
Magee, Hugh, mechanic, II, 370, footnote
Magee, James S., defendant, trial Twenty Journeymen Tailors,
iv, 315,319, 326
Magnis, John, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 132, 143, 152
Magruder, A. C, planter, II, 208
Magruder, James T., planter, II, 203, 208
Maguire, Adam, advertisement, II, 329
Maguire [Magwire, McGuire?], John, delegate to National Labor
Union, IX, 197, 215, 259, 261
Mahan, Francis, master tailor, IV, 103, 107, 112
Mahar, William, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 318,
321
Mahony, Peter, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Mailey, John, land reformer, VIII, 26
Major, Alexander, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 181
Malambre, Jacob, master cordwainer, III, 105
Malaria, I, 81, 310, 311
Malice, "miching Mallecho," IV, 218
Malone, C, member International Workingmen's Association, IX,
378
Malone, Thomas, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 287
Man, The, I, 25 ; cited, V, 24, 46, 76, 204, 218, 230, 232, 233, 247,
2SO, 307, 326; VI, 38-43, 87-99, 196-216, 217-227
Manahan, John H., delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 179
Manahan, Thomas, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 223, 240
Manchester, J. H., delegate to New York State Industrial Legis-
lature, VIII, 316
Mandelslohe, — , land reformer, VII, 310
Mandingoes, see Negroes
Marketing)
INDIA
27I
Mangold, Dr. George B., acknowledgments to, III, 17
Manigault, Charles: contract with overseer, I, 123-126; correa-
pondence, I, 320-321 ; II, 31-33; plantation records, I, 122-126,
320-321, 336-338
Manigault, Louis, plantation records, I, 134-149, 166; II, 181
William, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
Manley, J. P., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 270
Mann, Horace, V, 27
Manning, E. S., land reformer, VII, 305 ; VIII, 27, 288
Manning, P., delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VIII, 318, 320
Manning, William, delegate to New York State Industrial Legis-
lature, VIII, 316, 321, 323, 324, 325, 326
Mannise, John, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
Mansfield, Lord, Modern Cases in Law and Equity, III, 285
Mansuel, Robert, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, VI. 70
Mansure, — , delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 387
Manual training, V, 104
Manufactory, defined, III, 42, footnote
Manufactures: barrels, I, 263; charcoal, II, 306; cloth, VII, 295;
domestic, II, 314-317; VII, 72-73; hardware, II, 308; injured
by railroads, II, 336; iron, II, 308; kerseys, VII, 330; linen,
I, 189; locomotives, VII, 58; machinery, VII, 57, 295; nail
making, VII, 57; naval stores, I, 80; opportunities in south, II,
340; Philadelphia, III, 136; shoes, VII, 72; southern, I, 289;
II, 302; straw bonnets, VII, 72; tools, VII, 58; turpentine,
I, 197; see also Cotton, Factory system, Iron, Sugar, Weaving,
Wool
Manuring, see Fertilization
Mapes, — , delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 137
Marble cutters : strike, VI, 1 14 ; see also Trade unions
Marcellus, John, defendant, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 277
March, — , delegate to Ten-hour Convention, VIII, 124
Market: "bespoke work," III, 34; VII, 66; changing, III, 31;
custom order, III, 34; export work, III, 34; VII, 295; "market
work," III, 31-32; regulations, II, 345; shoes, III, 30, 31
Marketing, cotton, I, 273
272 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Markets
Markets, dearth on frontier: I, 90; II, 170; see also Industrial
stages
Markland, John, juror, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 62
Marks, W. J., delegate to Pittsburgh Workingmen's Convention,
VIII, 331
Marley, Richard, delegate to Baltimore Trades' Union, VI, 108,
243
Marlow, John, planter, II, 208
Maroncelli, Pierro, associationist, VII, 200
Marques, William, planter, I, 255
Marrow, Joseph A., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196
Marsden, William N., delegate to New York General Trades'
Union, V, 260, 282, 283, 295, 296, 299
Marsh, David, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 287, 288, 300
Marshall, John, chief justice, VII, 160
Marshall, John, IV, 265 ; V, 337
Marshall, Josiah, master builder, VI, 81
Marshall, Miss Marietta, IX, 306
Marshall, William, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 298
Martin, — , address, VI, 46
Martin, Angus, mechanic, II, 370, footnote
Martin, Francis Xavier, letter, II, 197
Martin, George L., delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 144, 150
Martin, George W., foreman, IV, Supp., 48, 52-55, 73, 78, 1 01, 118
Martin, Julian L., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
Martin, Samuel, merchant, II, 278
Martin, Sella, delegate to National Colored Labor Convention,
IX, 244
Martin, T. H., Atlanta and Her Builders, II, 367-368
Marx, Karl: compared with Ira Steward, IX, 24-26, 30; founder
of International Workingmen's Association, IX, 43-44, 351;
founder of socialism, III, 28; IX, 42; labor theory, IX, 29-30,
44; theory of capital, IX, 37; see Brief e und Ausziige aus
Brief en, Karl Marx: His Life and Work
Maryland : free negroes, I, 89 ; frontier, I, 77-78 ; plantation de-
Maynardj INDEX 173
velopment, I, 77, 78, 83, 84; slave conditions, II, 63; tobacco
industry. I, 77
Mason, George, plantation letters, I, 305-307. 321. 322, 355-356
Mason, George, see Rowland (K. M.)
Masons: advice to immigrants, VII, 66; strike, VI, 73 ; wages, VII,
48 ; see also Stone masons, Trade unions
Masonic order: X, 114; Rules of Work, I, 25
Masquerier, LeiHll delegate to Industrial Congress, VIII, 27;
disciple of George Henry Kvans, VII, 32; land policy, VII, 32,
290-293, 294-305; report of National Reform Union, VII, 294-
305; Sociology, cited, VII, 289-293
Massachusetts Archives, VIII, 81
Massachusetts House Documents, VIII, 1 33- 1 86
Massachusetts Legislative Documents, VIII, 81
Massachusetts Legislative Files, cited, V, 57-61
Mastens [Masters?], William, delegate to Newark Trades' Union,
VI, 175, 181
Masterson, William: Cordwainers' National Union, committee
member, VI, 321 ; delegate, VI, 317 ; New- York General Trades'
Union, committee member, V, 236; delegate, V, 300; secretary
of mass meeting, V, 3 1 8
Masterton, William J., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Conven-
tion, VIII, 338, 339, 340
Mastin [Maston?], R. L: National Labor Union, committee mem-
ber, IX, 132, 134, 136, 141 ; delegate, IX, 127; eight-hour policy,
IX, 134-136; vice president, IX, 129
Mathers, — , delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
340, 342
Mathews, William, carpenter, II, 371
Matthews, James, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 318,
321,325
Maury, Ann, Memoirs of a Huguenot Family, II, 230
Maxwell, James, land reformer, VII, 305
Maxwell, W., Master State Grange of Tennessee, X, 85, 100
Mayer, S., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
Mayhew, Samuel, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 100, 136-139. 214
Maynard, G. W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 129
274 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Mayo
Mayo, A. W., delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
251, 277; VI, 316
Mazzini, Giuseppe, IX, 44
Mead, Cyrus A., delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 317,
325
Mead, Joseph, defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 102, 104, 108, 119, 122, 128, 132, 137, 168
Meader, D. K., association ist, VII, 241
Meaney, Peter J., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
Mechanics' associations: II, 368-370; VIII, 81; Atlanta, Ga., II,
354-356; library, VI, 70; negro, I, 112, 244, 249; II, 354, 367;
pleas for local, II, 354-356; relations of masters and journeymen,
V, 24; wages, VII, 47 ; see also Trade unions
Mechanics' Free Press: cited, V, 21, 43, 48, 61, 69, 70, 76, 84, 90,
91, 94, 114, 124, 129, 133, 185, 186; successor, V, 50
Mechanics' lien, V, 28, 161 ; VIII, 100, 123
Mechanics' Mirror: cited, VIII, 217-218, 246-250; editor, VIII,
251, footnote) predecessor, VIII, 219, footnote; publishers, VIII,
217, footnote
Mechanics' Mutual Aid Association, II, 372-376
Mechanics' Mutual Protection: VIII, 217, footnote, 246-249, 251-
262, 285, 288, 289; see also Cooperation
Medicines, prices, V, 137
Meeker, James D., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V.247
Meeker, N. C, associationist, VII, 276, 277
Meeteer, Marshall L., delegate to Baltimore Trades' Union, VI,
113
Meeter, J. H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 129
Mehahn, M., member International Workingmen's Association,
IX, 340
Meherrin River, II, 234, 235
Meigs, Benedict A., delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 159
Mein, Robert, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
289, 297, 298
Mellor, John T., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 197
Meloney, William, defendant, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV,
18, 27, 28, 34, 40, 44. 53
Middlcton] INDEX 275
Melville, — , delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 185
Melville, Andrew, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Melvin, James, defendant, trial New York Cordwaincrs, III, 25a
Memoirs of a Huguenot Family, see Maury (Ann)
Memorial of the Citizens of Charleston to the Senate and House of
Representatives of the State of South Carolina, II, 103-1 16
Memphis Daily Avalanche, cited, IX, 80-84
Memphis Enquirer, The, cited, II, 80
Mentzer, Peter, juror, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors, IV,
102
Mercer, James, report of overseer, I, 247-249
Merchant-capitalist, see Industrial stages
Merchant-jobber, see Industrial stages
Merchants: classes, III, 44; frontier operations, II, 171-172; in-
fluence, III, 55; synonyms, III, 56; unfavorable conditions, II,
171,1 72-1 74 ; see Industrial stages
Meredith, Samuel, Sr., planter, II, 82
Merril, Abraham, plaintiff, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 256
Merrill, C. A., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 257
Merrill, Chester R., machinist, IX, 282
Merritt, William, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
Meserve, John B., delegate to General Convention of Trades of
Boston, VI, 90, 91
Mesier, Peter A., defendant, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 252
Messages and Papers of the Presidents, VIII, 85
Methodists, II, 284-286
Mexican War, I, 36
Mexicans, few in Texas, II, 254
Mexico: abolition, II, 251 ; emancipation of slaves, II, 250
Meyer, C, land reformer, VIII, 27
Meyers, C, letter, II, 178
Micain, C, tailor, V, 317
Michels, James, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 170, 192,
334
Middlemen, railroad, IX, 21, 22
Middleton, S., VIII, 146
276 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Middle.
Middleton, Thomas, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 300
Mifflin, Benjamin, member Mechanics' Union, V, 94
Mifflin, James A., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128
Migration: Dutch, I, 254; Maryland, II, 214; pine barrens, I, 82;
plantation, II, 196; repeated, II, 255; Revolutionary period, I,
85; south, II, 185-196; Virginia, I, 85; II, 196; see also Immi-
gration
Miles, — , defendant, trial Baltimore Weavers, IV, 269
Miles, John D., VI, 44
Miles, Richard, master cordwainer, III, 105
Militia system: attitude of workingmen, V, 29, 30, 1 19-120, 161 ;
V, 29; misdeeds of soldiers, II, 294; recruiting, II, 279-286
Milk, price, II, 314
Mill, John Stuart, IX, 25, footnote, 289, 290, 294, 324
Milledgeville [Ga.], ordinances, II, 147-152
Miller, Judge — , IV, 277
Miller, A., master cabinet maker, VII, 108
Miller, Andrew, juror, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 279, 312
Miller, F. S., IX, 261
Miller, J. D., defendant, trial Twenty- four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 104, 108, 128, 130, 132, 134, 168
Miller, J. E., tailor, IV, 119
Miller, James, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 154-155
Miller, John, mechanic, II, 369
Miller, John, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 168
Miller, John H., weaver, IV, Supp., 38-39, 90
Miller, Joseph D., delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 349,
356, 378, 382, 383, 385, 386, 388; VI, 265, 280, 308
Miller, Milo M., delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 382
Miller, Peter, mechanic, II, 369
Miller, T., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII,
303
Miller, Thomas, sheriff, II, 90
Miller, William G., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 129
Milliage, Thomas, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 177
Millikin, Robert, master cordwainer, III, 105
Mink] INDEX 277
Milliman, John, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 159
Milling, see Rice
Mill is, John, witness, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 129
Millot Aine, Th., member International Workingmen's Associa-
tion, IX. 366
Mills, — , attorney (?), VII, 139
Mills, Columbus, master State Grange of North Carolina, X, 85
Mills, James, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
276, 286, 318
Mills, John, plaintiff, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 255
Mills, Richard, delegate to Baltimore Union Trade Society, VI,
108
Mills, William, carpenter. II, 371
Mill sites, for sale, II, 259
Millson, Hon. J. S., speech, VIII, 73-74
Mills Plantation, free negro squatters, II, 154
Mill toll, regulation, II, 346
Millwright, advertisement, II, 351-352
Milner, Richard, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
Milo, Francis, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 120, 1 21,
141, 146, 148, 149, 150, 152, 155, 156, 158, 161, 162, 163, 166,
228, 231, 237
Milwaukee Daily Sentinel and Gazette, cited, VIII, 53-60
Minard, Isaac, plaintiff, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 256
Mindeher, Christian, defendant, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers,
IV, 18, 28, 44
Minerals, wealth in America, VII, 57
Miners: English, II, 179; wages, II, 307; VII, 48; Welsh, II,
179; see also National Labor Union, Trade unions
Miners' and Laborers' Benevolent Association, IX, 354, 359, 360,
369
Miner's Record, quoted, II, 296-298
Ming, Alexander, Jr., address, V, 318
Mining: copper, II, 247; foreign labor, II, 179; slave labor,
II, 179
Mink, Charles W., delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 140
278 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Mink
Mink, William H., delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 144
Minor, Lucian, diary, I, 254-256; II, 178
Mississippi: Biloxi, I, 84; lynch law, II, 299; Natchez, I, 84;
plantation records, I, 112-115, 231; plantation system, I, 88
Missonet, Recorder, II, 153
Missouri, settlement, I, 88
Missouri Democrat, cited, IX, 78-80
Missouri Intelligencer, The, cited, II, 277
Mitchell, James J., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128,
170, 175, 185, 194
Mitchell, John F., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 287, 289
Mitchell, T., delegate to Trades' Union Convention of District
of Columbia, VI, 126
Mitchell, W. C: Gold, Prices, and Wages under the Greenback
Standard, IX, 67, footnote; History of the Greenbacks, IX,
34, 67, footnote
Mitchell, William, carpenter, II, 371
Mitchell, William, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 100, 140-141, 174; VI, 127, 131
Mix, S. H., delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VIII, 316
Mix, Victor B., associationist, VII, 248, 255
Mocos, see Negroes, Ebbos
Modern Cases in Law and Equity, III, 190
Moderne Kapitalismus , Der, see Sombart
Moessinger, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169
Moffet, — , printer ( ?), VI, 274
Moffett, Thomas, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 230
Moffit, J., factory operative, VIII, 201
Molders: cooperation, VIII, 310-314; wages, VII, 48; VIII, 309;
see Trade unions
Molly Maguires, IX, 50; X, 33
Molly Maguires in the Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania, IX,
50, footnote
Monaghan, Bartholomew, delegate to New York City Industrial
Congress, VIII, 302
Moore) INDEX 279
Monahan, Christopher, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
Monckton, J. H., member International Workingmen's Association,
IX, 378
Money: Carolina, II, 175, footnote; counterfeit, II, 181 ; influence
on labor, V, 34-35. 5<>, 119; paper, V, 34, 35, 50; reform de-
manded, IX, 180-181 ; scarcity, I, 291; II, 203; small notes,
V, 48-49; workingmen's policy, IX, 178; sec also Banks, Green-
backism, National Labor Union, financial policy, Politics
Monitt-ur de la Louisiane, cited, II, 359
Monopoly: banks, V, 1 18-1 19, 162; early opposition, V, 30-31;
effect, I, 34; V, 118-119; evils, V, 118-119; IX, 178, 181;
land (see Agrarianism, Land Reform) ; machinery, VIII, 103-
104; tendency toward, X, 44; transition, V, 31 ; sec also Banks,
Greenbackism. National Labor Union, financial policy
Monroe [Munroe?], Abijah, delegate to General Convention of
Trades of Boston, VI, 91
Monroe, James, president, VII, 160
Montgomery, William, witness, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers,
III, 34, 104, 105
Moodie, Thomas, clerk, II, 142
Mooney, Patrick, VII, 71
Mooney, Thomas: VII, 71 ; Nine Years in America, VII, 71-80
Moore, B. E., tailor, IV, 104, 107, 108, 120, 127, 128, 132, 134,
136, 169
Moore, David, delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 164
Moore, Edward, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 281
Moore, Ely: address, V, 243, 262, 264; VI, 128, 139, 144; hon-
ored by Albany General Trades' Union, VI, 146, 147, 149,
150; letter, VI, 150; memorial to Congress, VI, 125; National
Trades' Union, chairman, VI, 197 ; committee member, VI, 201 ;
delegate, VI, 197, 238, 239; president, VI, 191-192, 195, 198,
204, 228; New York General Trades' Union, address, V, 262-
263, 264; committee member, V, 215, 233, 307-308; president,
V, 36, 204, 215, 219, 235, 262; VI, 191 ; trade agreement policy,
V, 307-308; nominated for Congress, V, 204, 207; VI, 204;
28o AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Moore
Moore, Ely (continued) —
political influence, V, 36; relation to Tammany, V, 204; report
of State Prison Commission, V, 204, 235; vote of thanks from
Newark Trades' Union, V, 263
Moore, John M., defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tai-
lors, IV, 101, 104, 105, 108, 115, 116, 119, 121, 122, 123, 128,
132, 134. 145, 158, 168
Moore, Joseph, master carpenter, V, 82
Moore, Silas, delegate to Trades' Union Convention of District of
Columbia, VI, 130, 133, 134, 136, 138
Moore, Thomas, planter, I, 250
Moore, William, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 338
Moral Reform Society, VIII, 24
Moran, Charles S., delegate to Baltimore Trades' Union, VI, 113
Moran, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196
More, John, witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
46-47
Morehouse, John, defendant, trial New York Cordwainers, III,
252
Moreland, Adam, witness, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 23,
25-29. 65
Morgan, Charles, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 289
Morgan, David, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288, 302
Morgan, E. W., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
Morgan, George, delegate to New York State Industrial Legis-
lature, VIII, 325
Morgan, Griffith, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 287, 301
Morgan, J. S., IX, 76
Morgan, James D., delegate to General Convention of Trades,
Boston, VI, 90
Morning Courier and New York Enquirer, cited, V, 145, 146,
147 155. 205, 206, and footnote, 208, 214, 308, 311, 314
Morris, A. J., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 126
Munroe] INDEX 281
Morris, Edward, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337. 338
Morris, R. H., couasel, trial Twenty Journeymen Tailors, IV,
317,325
Morrisey, Mark, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169
Morrison, Alexander, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 285, 287, 288
Morrow, George, defendant, trial Pittsburgh CordwainerN, IV,
17, 18, 28, 31, 33, 34,49, 50
Morton, Marcus, delegate to New England Workingmen's Con-
vention, VIII, no
Mosier, Eli, master shoemaker, IV, 278, 279, 282, 286, 288
Moss, Joseph, juror, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors, IV,
102
Moss, Peter, defendant, trial Twenty Journeymen Tailors, IV, 315,
319, 326
Moting, see Cotton
Moulien, Francis, delegate to New York General Trades' Con-
vention, V, 276
Moulton, Julius: National Trades' Union, committee member,
VI, 231, 237, 239, 240-242; delegate, VI, 316; resolutions, VI,
237, 238-239; Troy General Trades' Union, delegate, VI, 159;
resignation, VI, 165
Mount, Thomas, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
158, 164
Mt. Vernon: bakery, I, 191 ; fisheries, I, 190; flour, I, 191
Mowers, wages in England, IV, 61, footnote
Muhlmeister, Frederick, delegate to National Labor Union, IX,
169, 195
Mules, see Plantation
Mulhall, Henry B., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 195,
223
Mulhollum, Cornelius, cordwainer, IV, 40
Mullaney, Kate, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 227
Mullen, James, witness, trial Philadelphia Spinners, IV, 267
Mulligan, James H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 197
Mumby, — , master baker, V, 307
Munroe, — , delegate to Ten-hour Convention, VIII, 93
282 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Munroe
Munroe, John L., delegate to Union Trade Society of Baltimore,
VI, 108
Munsch, G. A., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 303
Murney, Dennis, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288, 300
Murphey, Robert, master cordwainer, III, 105
Murphy, Charles, land reformer, VIII, 27
Murphy, J. F., delegate to Trades' Union Convention of District
of Columbia, VI, 119
Murphy, James P: New York State Industrial Legislature, ad-
dress, VIII, 326; committee member, VIII, 322, 324, 325;
political policy, VIII, 318; president, VIII, 317, 318, 320
Murphy, Michael, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302, 317
Murphy, William: address, V, 318; National Trades' Union,
committee member, VI, 231, 235, 240, 246-248, 269; delegate,
VI, 265 ; memorial to Congress, VI, 246-248 ; report on trade
unions, VI, 294-297; resolutions, VI, 235, 256; New York Gen-
eral Trades' Union, committee member, V, 237, 239, 240, 256,
262, 264, 267, 278, 279, 281, 283-284, 285, 289-293; delegate,
V, 234, 269
Murray, Hamilton H., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
Murray, James, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 265,
266, 267, 270, 274, 276, 280, 291, 304
Murray, Terrence, defendant, trial New York Cordwainers, III,
252
Murrell, John A., criminal, II, 76-78
Musselman, J. E., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 197, 220
Mutual Savings Institution, VII, 97-98, 99
My Diary North and South, see Russell (W . H.)
Myers, George, carpenter, II, 371
Myers, Gustavus, History of Tammany Hall, cited, V, 37
Myers, Isaac: delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 230; Na-
tional Colored Labor Convention, address, IX, 254-255; chair-
man, IX, 243; president, IX, 246, 255; rebuke to John M.
Langston, IX, 244
National] INDEX 283
Myers, J. F., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 228
Mvrick, S. P., recommendation of overseer, I, 323
Nahlke, Lewis, land reformer, VIII, 28
Nail makers, truck system, VII, 51
Napier, John, secretary Mechanics' Union, V, 92
Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Charles Ball, a Black
Man, cited, II, 59-67
Nashville //'//;>, The, II, 84
National Anti-Slavery Standard, cited, VII, 218
National Association for the Protection of Labour, V, 22; see
Cooperation
National Industrial Congress: account of, IX, 43, footnote', call
IX, 42 ; composition, IX, 42-43
National Labor, The, cited, IV, 338-341 ; V, 207, 300, 315, 318,
326, 342, 349, 350-379, 380-387; VI, 58-65, 174, 186, 192, 193,
264-307, 330, 332-340, 342 ; successor to Mechanics' Free Press,
V, 50
National Labor Reform Party, sec National Labor Union, politics
National Labor Tribune: X, 33; cited, X, 33-35
National Labor Union: IX, 34; accident policy, IX, 223; appren-
ticeship, IX, 154-155, 192; Bureau of Labor, IX, 224-225, 236,
271; Colored Convention, delegates, IX, 243-247; financial
policy, IX, 254; land policy, IX, 253; memorial to Congress,
IX, 253; platform, IX, 247-253; Congresses, IX, 43; Congress
of 1866 -delegates, IX, 127-129; officers, IX, 129; reports, IX,
1 30-141 ; Congress of 1867 -constitution, IX, 173-175; dele-
gates, IX, 169-171; officers, IX, 194; reports, IX, 171-173;
Congress of 1868 - constitution, IX, 202-204; delegates, IX,
195-198; officers, IX, 227; organization, IX, 218; reports, IX,
198-202; Congress of 1869 - delegates, IX, 228-231; offi-
. IX, 242; subordinate unions, IX, 232; Congress of
1870 - constitution, IX, 263; delegates, IX, 257-259; officers,
IX, 269; reports, IX, 261-262; Congress of 1871 - delegates,
IX, 270; officers, IX, 271 ; reports, IX, 270-271 ; miscellaneous -
cooperation, IX, 40, 138, 148-152, 182, 219, 273; criticism,
IX, 363, 366; decline, IX, 355; dissolution, IX, 42; female
labor, IX, 156-157, 204, 205, 233, 266, 271; financial policy,
284 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [National
National Labor Union (continued) —
IX, 40, 41, 177-181, 206, 234-236, 266, 271; hours of labor,
IX, 134, 135. 136, 142-148, 183-185, 236, 237-238, 268, 273;
housing, IX, 139, 233; immigration, IX, 221-222, 223, 237,
265, 271, 273, 334-335, 339; incorporation, IX, 237; Indus-
trial Congress, IX, 273; International Workingmen's Associa-
tion-delegate, IX, 333-336; greetings, IX, 333; report of
delegate, IX, 341-350; labor unions - Black River Falls, Wis.,
IX, 231, 232; Camden, N. J., IX, 229; Chicago, IX, 232, 258,
270; Cincinnati, IX, 270; Cleveland, IX, 259; Detroit, IX,
231, 258, 270; Easton (?), Pa., IX, 232; Eden, 111., IX, 230,
259; Grand Rapids, Mich., IX, 197; Greencastle, Ind., IX,
259, 270; Hamilton, O., IX, 259; Harrisburg, Pa., IX, 270;
Haverstraw, N.Y., IX, 232 ; Hillsdale County, Mich., IX, 257 ;
Ionia, Mich., IX, 197; LaFayette, Ind., IX, 258; Lancaster,
Pa., IX, 270; LaSalle, 111., IX, 258; Leavenworth, Kan., IX,
233, 270; Lostant, 111., IX, 196, 231, 232; Loveland, O., IX,
197; Macon County, Mo., IX, 259; McGregor, Iowa, IX, 231,
232 ; Millville, N.J., IX, 229, 232 ; Milwaukee, Wis., IX, 232 ;
Murphysboro, 111., IX, 270; Nashville, Tenn., IX, 230, 232;
New York City, IX, 229, 232, 257; Oberlin, O., IX, 258;
Omaha, Neb., IX, 231, 232; Ottawa, 111., IX, 233; Painesville,
O., IX, 232; Peekskill, N.Y., IX, 233; St. Louis, IX, 270; Sa-
lem,©., IX, 232; San Francisco, IX, 270; Sunbury, Pa., IX, 230;
Topeka, Kan., IX, 258; Verplanck's Point, N.Y., IX, 232;
Water Valley, Miss., IX, 230, 232, 270; Wilmington, N.C.,
IX, 232; Williamsport, N.Y., IX, 232; land policy, IX, 139,
140, 160-164, 181, 188-190, 233, 236, 267, 268; mechanic's
lien, IX, 192; middlemen, IX, 191; National Labor Reform
Party (see below, political action) ; in general - negro labor, IX,
157-160, 185-188, 239-240; newspapers recommended, IX, 137,
193, 227, 268; obnoxious laws, IX, 232, 238, 239; organization,
IX, 133, 193; origin, V, 32; platform of Labor Reform Party,
IX, 233-237; political action, IX, 42, 135, 137, 164-167, 175,
207, 233-234, 265, 271, 272-274, 361; preliminary conference,
IX, 126; prison labor, IX, 132, 233, 266; public utilities, IX,
271; reconstruction policy, IX, 191, 237, 266; repudiated by
Workingmen's Assembly of New York, IX, 355 ; statistics, IX,
National] INDEX 285
240; strike policy, IX, 131, 140, 155-156, 206, 207; suggested,
IX, 117; synopsis of platforms, IX, 363-364; trade unionism,
IX, 130, 152-154, 182; sec also International Workingmen s
Association.
National Labor Union, Proceedings of the Second Session of,
cited, IX, 195-227, 336-337
National Reform Association: attitude of Germans, VII, 310-312;
Auburn, VIII, 27; Boston, VIII, 28; Clarkson, N.Y., VIII, 27;
delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII, 288; del-
egate to Workingmcn's Convention, VIII, 91 ; Middleton, N.J.,
VIII, 27; New York City, VIII, 27; Philadelphia, VIII, 28;
Rochester, VIII, 27; Rochester, German, VIII, 27; Williams-
burgh, VIII, 27 ; Wilmington, Del., VIII, 28
National Reformer, VIII, 33, 91
National Reform Union, see Land reform
National Trades' Union: conventions, of 1834 -address to
workingmen, VI, 200-201, 210; call, VI, 136-137, 191, 194-
195; character, VI, 193; constitution, VI, 202, 224-227; dele-
gates, VI, 191, 196-198; female labor, VI, 217-224; memorial
to Congress, VI, 199, 209; newspaper, VI, 192; officers, VI,
191, 198, 204; political policy, VI, 192, 211-216; postponement,
VI, 191 ; proceedings, VI, 197-227; reports, condition of work-
ingmen, VI, 205-209; education, VI, 201; hours of labor,
VI, 203; prison labor, VI, 201; wages, VI, 203, 209; res-
olutions, VI, 198-199, 207-209, 209-210, 210-21 1 ; of 1835-
address, VI, 245-246; address to workingmen, VI, 192, 245,
257, 271; Board of Commissioners, VI, 241-242; constitution,
VI, 238, 259-263; delegates, VI, 192, 228-229; education, VI,
255-256; female labor, VI, 250-251, 257-258; hours of labor,
VI, 231-235, 239, 246-248, 253-255 ; officers, VI, 192, 228, 229,
253; prison labor, VI, 236, 243-244, 246; proceedings, VI, 228-
263; public lands, VI, 240, 253; strike policy, VI, 257; trade
union policy, VI, 240-242, 248, 249, 250, 251-253, 256, 257; of
1836 -address to workingmen, VI, 271; call, VI, 264; char-
acter, VI, 193; committees, VI, 269-270, 276; constitution, VI,
193. 279, 304-307; cooperation, VI, 276, 277, 279, 298-299;
delegates, VI, 192, 265-266; education, VI, 275, 291-293; fe-
male labor, VI, 276, 277-278, 279, 281-291 ; hours of labor, VI,
286 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [National
National Trades' Union (continued) —
274, 278-279, 299-304; memorial to president, VI, 277; newspa-
pers, VI, 278; officers, VI, 193, 266; prison labor, VI, 276, 297-
298; proceedings, VI, 265-307; public lands, VI, 277, 280; spec-
ulation, VI, 291-293; two-penny fund, VI, 289, footnote; trade
unions, VI, 294-297; of 1837, VI, 193.
Misce llaneous - character, VI, 193; constitution, V, 32;
conventions, V, 32 ; decline, VI, 193 ; nature, V, 32 ; organiza-
tion, V, 22-23; origin, V, 32; political policy, VIII, 81; suc-
ceeded by national trade unions, V, 33 ; suggested, VII, 309
National Trades' Union: cited, V, 63-66, 204, 215, 219, 221, 222-
225, 227, 230, 236, 240, 242, 245, 247, 250, 251-300, 314;
VI, 94, in, 1 19-124, 126, 127, 139-173, 196-211,217-224, 228-
259, 3H-329» 341-342
National Typographical Union, convention proceedings, VI, 346-
351, 352-353
Natural History of East and West Florida, see Romans (Bernard)
Naturalization, II, 288
Naval stores, manufacture, I, 80
Navigation: appropriation to improve, II, 356; Catawba River,
11,3"
Navigation Company, chartered, II, 316
Navy yards, ten hour day, V, 35
Naylor, George, VIII, 239
Neadhamer, William, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128
Neal, J. J., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 170
Neale, Isaac S., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 126, 194
Negro plots, see Conspiracy
Negroes: advantage of slavery, II, 50-51 ; affected by immigration,
II, 176; age suitable for slavery, II, 132-133; caulkers, IX, 158;
certificates of character, II, 147; condition in Africa, II, 127;
conspiracy, I, 100-101 ; II, 99-118, 128, 150, 248-249; conven-
tions, VII, 96-99; cooperative scheme, VII, 96-99; "country
marks," II, 89, footnote; crimes, II, 152, 161 ; dentist, II, 368;
disadvantages of city life, VII, 96-98; dishonesty, II, 136; dress
prescribed, II, 113; foreman, II, 140; free -II, 112, 141-164;
balls, II, 151, 153; band, II, 151; certificates of freedom, II,
141 ; distribution, I, 89; exclusion, II, 105, 159, 160; guardian,
New Orleans) INDEX 287
II, 147; increase, II, 107; licensed, II, 368; limitations, I, 101 ;
list, II, 143-147; morals, II, 35; numbers, I, 89; occupations,
II, 143-147; ordinance against, II. 968 j pe1'*'011 *or church, II,
152; plan to colonize, II, 157; relation to slaves, II, 108-109;
residence. II, 115, 117; resolutions regarding, II, 157; squatters,
II. 154; treatment, II, 366-367; undesirable landlords, II, 114;
freedom purchased, II, 40, 4! ; gambling, II, 152; housing, VII,
97-98; increase, I, 179; influence on labor movement, IX, 158-
160; intelligence, II, 140; Mutual Savings Institute, VII, 96-99;
New Jersey, II, 1 57-1 59; northern, VII, 96-99; property rights,
II, 114; qualities, Aradas, II, 130; Congos, II, 129; EbW II
1 29 ; Gabboons, II, 130; Mendingoes, II, 129; Papaws, II, 130;
Senegals, II, 129; Whidaws, II, 130; sale, I, 253; II, 304; San
Domingo, II, 155; Sierra Leone, II, 158; relation to white la-
bor, II, 356-357; right of contract, II, 364-365; speculation, II,
73; stolen, II, 42, 80-98; supplanted by immigrants, VII, 60;
treatment, VII, 62; trials, II, 123-125; voluntary servitude, II,
161-164; wenches, I, 109, 119, 312, 313; West Indies, II, 127-
133; see also National Labor Union, Slave labor, Plantation
Neil, H. G., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
Nelson, R., letter, II, 293-295
Nelson, T. S., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 259
Nesbit, — , defendant, trial Baltimore Weavers, IV, 269
Nesbitt, James, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI, 144
Newell, C. F., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 262
New England Artisan, The, VI, 90, 92, 21 1
Newhall,— , VIII, 115
New Haven Palladium, V, 314
Ncwland, Charles M., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169
Newland, John, defendant, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 252
Newman, J. H., delegate to Trades' Union Convention of Dis-
trict of Columbia, VI, 133, 138
Newman, W. B., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196
Newman Banner, The, cited, II, 75
Newman, Stephen, letter, I, 3 13-3 1 4
New Moral W or Id, cited, VII, 47, 1 52, footnote, 160-164, 166-172,
345-349
New Orleans: accident, I, 319; Bayou St. John, II, 241; immi-
288 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [New Or.
New Orleans (continued) —
grants, II, 184; laxity of police, II, 153; state of trade, II, 349-
350
New Orleans Bee, The, cited, I, 329; II, 42, 80, 119, 161
New Orleans Commercial Advertiser, The, cited, II, 155
New Orleans Commercial Bulletin, The, cited, II, 349, 378
New Orleans Commercial Times, The, cited, II, 143
New Orleans Halcyon and Literary Repository, cited, II, 251
New Orleans Picayune, The, cited, II, 81
New Smyrna, colony, I, 348-349
Newspapers: agricultural, I, 71; daily, established, V, 284;
plan V, 291-293; reliability, III, 68; Yiddish, I, 25; see also
American Bureau of Industrial Research; National Labor Union
Newton, James, master cordwainer, III, 105
Newton, Philip, carpenter, II, 371
Newton, Thomas, Jr., merchant, I, 190-191
New York American, V, 155
New York Assembly Documents, cited, VIII, 51-52
New York City, population, V, 25
New York Courier and Enquirer, The, cited, IV, 314, 3 15-3 1 9
[New York] Daily Sentinel, V, 143
[New York] Daily Tribune, The, cited, VII, 81-86, 86-88, 96-99,
109-131, 152-154, 155-160, 164-166, 176-182, 185,211-216,240
248; VIII, 23-25, 26, 40-43, 60-61, 208-209, 223-225, 296-309,
314-327, 331-334. 336-346; IX, 253
[New York] Evening Journal, V, 143
New York Evening Post, The, cited, IV, 325; V, 31, 204, 207,
269, 270, 286, 289, 304, 305, 314
[New York] Evening Star, V, 289
New York Free Enquirer, cited, V, 93
[New York] Herald, The, VII, 172-176; IX, 223
New York Journal of Commerce, cited, V, 154, 205, 209, 308 ; VI,
47
New York Mechanics' Gazette, cited, V, 5 1
New York Morning Herald, cited, V, 113
[New York] Semi-Weekly Tribune, cited, VIII, 285
New York Sentinel and Working Man's Advocate, cited, V, 165
New York State Industrial Legislature: call, VIII, 315-316; can-
Noland] INDEX 289
didatrs, VIII, 326; committees, VIII, 316-317; pre» comment,
VIII, 325-326; proceedings, VIII, $17*3*3
New York State Mechanic, cited, VIII, 216, footnote, 219, 243-
246, 251, footnote
New York Sun: V, 29; quoted, VIII, 2<>
New York Sun and Star, IX, 227
New York Transcript, cited, V, 270, 289
New York Union, The, cited, V, 319; prospectus, V, 292-293
New York Weekly Herald, cited, VII, 277
[New York] Weekly Tribune, cited, VII, 34, 35, 37-38, '39*40,
281; VIII, 27, 43, 49-51. 64-65, 189-191, 192-199, 200201,
225-226, 240-242, 309-314, 327-331
Nicholas, John D., delegate to Baltimore Union Trade Society,
VI, 108, 134, 136, 138
Nichols, H. W. B., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 197
Nichols, J., delegate to Pittsburgh Workingmen's Convention,
VIII, 333
Nichols, James, associationist, VII, 206
Nichols, N. G., delegate to Trades' Union Convention of District
of Columbia, VI, 121, 123
Nichols, Smith, delegate to General Convention of Trades, Bos-
ton, VI, 90
Nicholson, Thomas, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 289, 302
Nicks, J. I., delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VIII, 316
Nicoll, August, juror, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 362
Nietzel, — , delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII,
303
Niles, J. W., master hatter, VI, 100
Niles, James, witness, trial Philadelphia Spinners, IV, 267, 268
Niles, William, master cordwainer, III, 105
Niles' Register, cited, II, 330, 349; VIII, 85
Nine, T. J., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 171
Nine Years in America, see Mooney (Thomas)
Noe, James, defendant, trial Twenty Journeymen Tailors, IV, 315,
319. 326
Noland, John, II, 84
290 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Non-un.
Non-unionist, see Closed Shop, Scab labor
N ordamerikanischen Gewerkschaften. . . Die, IX, 19, footnote
Norman, — , delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 182
Norris, Samuel, juror, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp., 16
Norris, Stephen, defendant, trial Twenty Journeymen Tailors, IV,
315, 319, 326
North, A. W., member American Emigrant Company, IX, 75
North Carolina: character of settlers, I, 91; conspiracy, II, 103;
crime, II, 120; emigration, I, 89; frontier, I, 77; history, II,
200; settlement, I, 77; II, 236; vagabonds, II, 299; see also
Conspiracy, Hawks (F. LJ, Tobacco
Northrop, James, Jr., master builder, VI, 54
Norton, D. S., advertisement, II, 329
Norton, Thomas, defendant, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV,
Supp., 16, 17, 54, 57, 127, 313
Nostrand, Losee N., master currier, V, 311
Notes of Travel in the United States, see Finch (John)
Notes on Virginia, see Jefferson (Thomas)
Noxious weeds, X, 47
Noyes, J. H., History of American Socialisms, VII, 240, footnote
Nurney, Barnard, cordwainer, VI, 316
Nurses, plantation, I, 120
Nye, — , V, 134
Oak Coopers, see Coopers
Oakes, W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 171
Oakley, David M., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
Oates, J. P., carpenter, II, 371
O'Brien, John, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
163; VIII, 344, 346
O'Callaghan, Daniel, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 195
O'Connor, John, delegate to New York Citv Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
O'Daniel, Thomas, witness, trial Philadelphia Spinners, IV, 267
Odd Fellows, VIII, 294; X, 114
Odell, Isaac : chairman agrarian meeting, V, 1 54 ; New York Gen-
eral Trades' Union, chairman, V, 214; committee member, V,
Osborn] INDEX 291
220, 265, 266, 267, 275, 276, 299; delegate, V, 225, 260; resig-
nation, V, 225 ; resolution, V, 220, 260
O'Donnell, James B., vice president, Laborers* Union Association,
New York, VIII, 225
O'Donoghue, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196,
220
O'Donohue, F., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 257
O'Driscoll, William, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 301
O'Flaherty, see Flaherty
O'Hara, John, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288
Old Countryman, IV, Supp., 34. °l. 70, 72, 74, 91, 123
Oliphant, D. S., associationist, VII, 188, 200, 262
Oliver, Gen. Henry K., IX, 88
Oliver, Joshua C, master shoemaker, V, 55
Oliver, Samuel, mechanic, VIII, 217
Oliver, Thomas, report of overseer, I, 247-249
Olmstead, F. L., Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, II, 34, 179,
340
Olmstead, Lathrop, witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV,
Supp., 56
Ondekirk, Jacob, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
166
O'Neil, Felix, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
341
O'Neil, Robert, master tailor, IV, 103, 112, 125-126, 128, 155, 165
O'Neil, Simon, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169
O'Neil, Thomas, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 358;
VI, 69
Orchards: frontier, II, 189; VII, 49; plantation, I, 245, 252, 253
Ordinaries, II, 59
Organization of Labor, IX, 42, footnote
Origin and Rise of the Workingmen's Party, see also Berrian
(Hobart)
Orr, Tye Kim, testimony concerning coolie labor, IX, 82
Orton, Harlow S., address on land reform, VIII, 54, 58
Osborn, D. A., cordwainer, VI, 331
292 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Osborn
Osborn, J. H., delegate to Patrons of Husbandry, X, 82
Osgood, James, delegate to General Convention of Trades, Boston,
VI, 90, 178
Osgood, Thomas E., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 251
Ostrander, Matthew, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union,
VI, 140
Otis, Harrison Gray, master builder, VI, 81 ; VII, 27
Otterson, F. J., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 303
Overacker, J. W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169
Overseer: advertised for, I, 133, 323; assistant, I, 336; authority,
I, 324; contract, I, 122-126; II, 315; inefficiency, II, 35-36; in-
structions, I, 109-122, 126-129; maltreatment of slaves, I, 329,
330, 334; recommendation, I, 323; report, I, 247-249; short-
comings, I, 143-146, 173, 325-330; succession, I, 141-147; suit
for wages, I, 330; testimonial, I, 322; tests of usefulness, I, 121 ;
tribulations, I, 309-312, 324; wages, I, 145, 146, 152, 154, 160,
183; see also Berwick (Standi), Bethea (G. N.J, Branson
(Newyear), Capers (William) , Cooper (G. T.), Crawford
(Valentine), Newman (Stephen), Myrick (S. P.), Smith
(Jonas), Straughn (Samuel L.), Valentine (Joseph)
Overton, James B., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128,
129, 137
Owen John, master cordwainer, III, 105
Owen, Robert: addresses -before ten-hour convention, VII, 109-
110, in, 112; on leaving the United States for Europe, VII,
172-176; to the Inhabitants of the United States of America, VII,
160-164; advice to capitalist, VII, 164-166; arbitration policy,
VII, 164; attack of Achille Murat, VII, 160-161 ; biography,
VII, 155, 160-162, 167; cooperative scheme, VII, 164-166;
criticism of the United States, VII, 168-169, 170, 172-174; de-
fense of Owenism, VII, 345-349; financial policy, VII, 164;
free trade policy, VII, 163; on American politics, VII, 168-169,
*70, 173; on immigration, VII, 166-167; opinion of Fourier-
ism, VII, 170-171, 223, 225; philosophies - communism, VII,
152-154, 163, 169-170; education, VII, 159, 163, 165; mar-
riage, VII, 157-160; religion, VII, 156-157, 163; socialism, VII,
Palmer] INDEX 293
147 ; theory of production, VII, 163 ; miscellaneous - travels, VII,
167-168, 171-172, 173; World's Convention - call, VII, 176-
178; objects, VII, 178-181; president, VII, 182; proceedings,
VII, 181-182; suggested, VII, 174-176
Owen, Robert Dale: Congressman, VII, 172; education, V, 143;
essays on education, V, 175; repudiation of Skidmore's doctrine,
V, 142; secretary mechanics' meeting, VII, 142, 149, 154
Owen, Thomas ML, acknowledgments to, I, 103
Owenism: attack of George Henry Evans, VII, 344-345; charac-
teristics, VII, 152-154; defended by Robert Owen, VII, 345-349;
general rules, VII, 163-164; necessity for in United States, VII,
168-170; philosophy -communism, VII, 152-154, 163, 169-170;
divorce, VII, 159; education, VII, 1 59-160, 163, 165; finance,
VII, 164; laws of nature, VII, 154; marriage, VII, 157-160;
production, VII, 163; religion, VII, 156-157, 163; use of cap-
ital, VII, 164-166; progress in United States, VII, 166-168; so-
cial basis for system, VII, 1 52-154; World's Convention - call,
VII, 176-178; objects, VII, 178-181; officers, VII, 181, 182;
proceedings, VII, 181-182; suggested, VII, 174-176; see also As-
sociation, Fourierism, Owen (Robert)
Owens, W. E., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 258
Oxen: breed, I, 259, footnote; use, I, 208-214, 242, 259, footnote
Oxford Historical Society, I, 20
Oxford Mercury, The, quoted, II, 54
Packard, E., delegate to General Convention of Trades, Boston,
VI, 91
Paddon, William B., delegate to New York General Trades' Un-
ion, V, 220; VI, 231, 240, 255
Page. J«» defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors, IV,
101, 128, 132, 168, 173
Paillou, Major-general — , II, 241
Paine, Thomas, VII, 20
Painters: advertisement, II, 353; coach painters, VIII, 301; see
also Trade unions
Palmer, J. W., delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VIII, 316
Palmer, John, letter, II, 166
294 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Palmer
Palmer, John G., land reformer, VIII, 27, 115
Palmer, Thomas, mechanic, II, 368
Palmer, William, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
140
Palmo, — , VIII, 230
Pamphlets: insurrectionary, II, 150; see also American Bureau of
Industrial Research
Pancoast, Samuel, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 287, 289
Panic of 1837, V, 328; VI, 193
Parish, F. L., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 197
Park, John, weaver, IV, Supp., 32, 63, 67, 80-81, 90
Parker, Hon. Joel, IX, 273
Parker, Theodore, delegate to New England Workingmen's As-
sociation, VIII, no
Parker, W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 171
Parker, W. F., delegate to New England Workingmen's Associa-
tion, VIII, 114
Parkin, Richard, master cabinet-maker, VII, 108
Parkinson, James, witness, trial Twenty- four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 148-151
Parkman, — , delegate to New England Industrial League, VIII,
330
Parks, John B., delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
254, 263, 282, 285, 293, 296
Parks, Thomas, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Parmenter, Hon. — , VIII, 151
Parnell, William, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
166
Paronette, John, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 182
Parsons, Anna Q. T., associationist, VII, 205
Parsons, F. T. S., delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 203
Parsons, Francis, counsel, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
115
Parsons, J. L., delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 196, 197,
199, 202, 336, 337
Partis, Capt. Frasier, I, 355
Patter.] INDEX 295
Partridge, Capt. — , lecturer, V, 22a
Patch, A. H., manufacturer, IX, 97
Pateman, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 197, 219
Patents, IX, 145; X, III, 113
Paterson Courier, cited, V, 63-66, 258
Paterson, John, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 181
Paterson, Joseph, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 250, 257, 264, 281
Patrons of Husbandry: benefits, X, 105, no; Bureau of agricul-
ture, X, 131, 134-135; business project, X, 80, 106-107, 109-110,
in; circular, X, 74-76; commercial treaties, X, 135; coopera-
tion, X, 94, no, 123-124, 130; decline, IX, 50-51; X, 126-127;
demands, X, 134-136; education, X, 120-122, 131, 136; finance,
X, 124, 127, 133, 135; grange agents, X, 107, 115, 117, 126;
growth, X, 86, 91-92, 106, 118; legislation, X, 81-82, 124-126,
127, 130, 134, 135; membership, X, 132; memorial to Congress,
X, 130-131 ; memorial to cotton states, X, 82-85; nature, IX,
49; objects, IX, 49; X, 100-105, 128-129; organization, IX, 49;
X, 76-79, 87-91 ; patents, X, 1 1 1, 131 ; plans, X, 71-74; politics,
X, 118, 127, 131, 132, 136; press, X, 133; Proceedings of Sixth
Session of the National Grange, cited, X, 85-91 ; Proceedings
of the Seventh Session of the National Grange, cited, X, 82-85,
91-105; Proceedings of Eighth Session of the National Grange,
cited, X, 1 06-1 14; Proceedings of the Ninth Session of the Na-
tional Grange, cited, X, 1 1 4- 1 18; Proceedings of the Tenth Ses-
sion of the National Grange, cited, X, 1 1 8- 1 26; Proceedings of
the Eleventh Session of the National Grange, cited, X, 126-128;
Proceedings of the Twelfth Session of the National Grange, cited,
X, 1 28-1 3 1 ; Proceedings of the Thirteenth Session of the Na-
tional Grange, cited, X, 1 32- 1 36; Proceedings of State Grange
of Wisconsin, cited, X, 81-82; recommended, X, 51 ; ritual, IX,
49-50; rules, X, 89; statistics, X, 107-109; taxation, X, 135;
temperance, X, 131; Texas Pacific Railroad, X, 112-113; to-
bacco tax, X, 131; transportation, X, 98, 112, 132, 133, 134;
transportation company, X, 1 13 ; see also Kelley (O. H.)
Patrons of Husbandry, cited, X, 71-79
Patroons, VII, 300
Patterson, Judge — , IV, 277
296 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Patter.
Patterson, James, delegate to Union Trade Society, Baltimore,
VI, 108
Patterson, James H., printer, VIII, 346
Patterson, Samuel P., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 303
Patton, James, contract, II, 276, 289
Paulding, George, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 270, 274
Pauperism: colonial, I, 340; definition, V, 26; distribution, VII,
76; effect of free land, VII, 301 ; effect of trade unionism, IX,
152; increase, VII, 301, footnote; Irish, VII, 76; New York,
VII, 301, footnote; parish charges, I, 340; support, VII, 76;
transportation, V, 25; United States, VII, 301, footnote
Pawson, Thomas, manufacturer, IX, 97
Payne, Judith, factory operative, VIII, 137, 138
Peabody, Cyrus, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 170, 186,
187, 335
Peabody, Julia, foreman tailoress, VII, 263
Peace Societies, VIII, 24
Peaches, orchards, I, 189
Pealer, J. J., master cabinet maker, VIII, 107
Pearce, S. A., master hatter, VI, 100
Pearson, J. D., delegate to New York and Philadelphia Trades'
Unions, V, 215, 381
Pearson, P. N., delegate to Trades' Union Convention of District
of Columbia, VI, 121, 123, 126, 127, 131, 132, 134, 135
Pearson, William, carpenter, II, 371
Peas, cultivation, I, 128, 195-203, 221, 229, 234, 237, 238
Peaslee, C. W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 262
Peck, Israel, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII,
289
Peck, John, letter, II, 44
Peck, Peter, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII,
301
Peddie, — , trunk manufacturer, IX, 62
Peddlers: fined, II, 152; Irish, II, 180
Penn, Walter L., delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
135, 136
Phelps] INDEX 297
Pcnniman, E. A., delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 359,
370; VI, 67, 69
Pennsylvanian, The, cited, III, 40, 41, 42, 43; V, 203, 326, 329-
337. 339. 348» 349, 352, 360, 389; VI, 21-38, 44, 124
Pennsylvania Society for the Promotion of Public Schools, V, 95,
footnote
Pennsylvania State Arms, III, 207, footnote
People's Paper, The, cited, VIII, 221-223
Percival, Thomas C, juror, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 102
Perfect Description of Virginia, A, cited, I, 188
Periam, J., The Groundswell, cited, X, 39-70
Perin, J. J., blacksmith, II, 349
Periodical Letters of Progress, see Warren (Josiah)
Perkins, Henry A., banker, IX, 75
Perkins, John, letter, II, 176
Perkins, Samuel, master builder, VI, 81
Persse, — , VIII, 94
Peshine, John, plaintiff, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 256
Peters, E. E., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 258
Petition: pardon of slave, II, 122; see also Bass (William)
Pettibone, P. C, delegate to New England Workingmen's Asso-
ciation, VIII, no
Pettit, Andrew, alderman, trial of Philadelphia CordwaineTs, III,
61
Peyer, Fred, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
Pfeiffer, A., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII,
303
Phalanx, The, VII, 20 1 ; cited, VII, 186, 188-202, 207-211, 223-
225, 231-233, 240, 248-259, 260-263, 327-331 ; VIII, 82
Phalanx, see Fourierism
Pheall, J. D., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 127
Phelps, Alfred W: National Labor Union, committee member, IX,
132, 134, 136, 175, 204; corresponding representative, IX, 194;
delegate, IX, 127, 170, 195, 228, 258; negro policy, IX, 185,
186; on admission of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, IX, 198; political
policy, IX, 135, 137, 175; treasurer, IX, 227, 242, 269; vice
president, IX, 129
298 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Phelps
Phelps, Joseph K., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 247
Philadelphia City Hall Recorder, cited, IV, 200
Philadelphia Evening Post, V, 362
Philadelphia Freeman s Journal, cited, V, 83
Philadelphia Gazette, cited, VI, 47-49
Philadelphia Inquirer, V, 314, 362
Philadelphia Labour for Labour Association: constitution, V, 129-
133 ; see also Cooperation
Philadelphia National Gazette, The, cited, IV, 273 ; V, 26, 69, 107
Philadelphia National Laborer, cited, V, 50, 53
Philadelphia Public Ledger, The, cited, IV, 335-338, 339, 362
Philbrick, Norris, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 197,
199
Phillips, Cecelia, factory operative, VIII, 138
Phillips, John M., witness, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 23,
29-34, 39, 42, 49, 50
Phillips, Lenthel, delegate to General Convention of Trades, Bos-
ton, VI, 91
Phillips, Ulrich B., editor Documentary History of American In-
dustrial Society, I, 22-23, 69-104
Phillips, Wendell: VII, 219-221; VIII, no; IX, 84, 273, 302;
Speeches, Lectures, and Letters, IX, 302
Phillips, William, delegate to General Convention of Trades, Bos-
ton, VI, 91 ; VIII, 108, no
Physician, attitude of poor whites, II, 167
Pickering, — , V, 134
Pickering, George, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 138, 139, 154, 215
Picketing, IV, Supp., 65, 73, 75
Piece work, see Wages
Piedmont district: access from north, I, 82; Carolina-Georgia, I,
82; cotton industry, I, 85, 86; exhaustion of soil, I, 89; migra-
tion from, II, 196; pioneers, character, I, 84; plantations, com-
parative size, I, 93; population scattered, I, 84; prosperity de-
clining, I, 89; settlement, I, 77, 82
Pierce, J. J., delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, VI, 69
Pierce, Marshall, land reform, VIII, 26
Plant] INDEX 199
Pierce, Walter B., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 344, 345
Pierce, William, planter, I, 346
Pierce, William T. G., associationist, VII, 205
Pierson, Daniel, master cordwainer, III, 105
Pierson, Walter T., delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 180
Pillow, Gideon, delegate to Chinese Labor Convention, IX, 80
Pinchbeck, P. B., delegate to National Colored Labor Convention,
IX, 261
Pinckney, Charles C, memoranda, I, 203-208
Pinckney, Eliza Lucas, letters, I, 265-266, 308
Pine barrens: depopulation, I, 89; location, I, 82; population, II,
160-168
Pinkerton, Allen, Strikers, Communists, Tramps and Detectives,
IX, 50, footnote] X, 33
Pinta, Samuel, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169
Piollet, V. E., delegate to Patrons of Husbandry, X, 133, 136
Pioneers, see Frontier
Piper, Daniel A., delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 265,
269, 278, 279, 293
Pirates, Barrataria, II, 298
Pitcher rule, see Tailors
Pitts, Elias, editor, VIII, 326
Pittsburgh Daily Commercial Journal, cited, VIII, 201-205
Pittsburgh Daily Morning Post, cited, VIII, 206-207
Pittsburgh Evening Tribune, cited, VIII, 333-334
Plant, W. H., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Plantation: accident, I, 318; accounts, I, 134, 140, 142, 144, 150-
165 ; advertised for sale, I, 245-254; ante-bellum, I, 72 ; Aquasco,
II, 201 ; bakery, I, 191 ; by-industry, I, 188, 191 ; candles, I,
300; cattle, I, no; cereals unsuited, I, 93, 133; cooks, I, 121;
crops, I, 92, 93, 128, 129, 195-203, 221, 229, 234, 237, 238;
debt, I, 321, 322; definition, I, 72; description, I, 256-258; de-
velopment, I, 77, 78, 80, 83, 84; domestic animals, II, 137 (see
below oxen, mules) ; experiences, I, 167-186; extension of system,
I, 77, 85-88 ; fencing, I, 201, 236, 242, 244; fishing, I, 190, 203-
208; flax raising, I, 187, 188; fodder, curing, I, 196, 198, 200;
3oo AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Plant.
Plantation (continued) —
foreman, I, 337; frontier, II, 242-247; hams, curing, I, 182-
183 ; hay-making, I, 215, 221, 223 ; hemp raising, I, 188 ; holidays,
I, 117; importance of regime, I, 70, 71, 94; indigo, I, 80, 81;
influence, I, 74; Irish labor, II, 181-183; indentured labor, I,
339-375 J life, I, 188; II, 240; linen manufacture, I, 189; lists
of slaves, I, 135-140; log-rolling, I, 231-244; management, I,
109-193, 336-338 (see also Practical Rules for Management,
etc.); methods, I, 72-74; migration, II, 196; mules, II, 37;
nurses, I, 120; orchards, I, 245, 252, 253; origin of the system,
I, 74-76; overseers, I, 323-338; oxen, I, 208-214, 242; physician,
I, 166, 170; production, crops suitable, I, 92, 93; profit, II, 197;
railroad, I, 219; records, I, 112-115, 150-165, 195-208, 231, 252;
routine work, I, 72, 195-244, 330-335; rules, I, 109-112, 112-
115; sheep raising, I, 210, 231, 249; size, I, 93 ; slave labor, I, 72 ;
small-pox epidemic, I, 309; spinning and weaving, I, 187-189,
191-193, 231, 334; staples, I, 92, 93, 259-292; supplies, I, 293-
296, 296-299, 300-301, 306; syrup, I, 218, 222; tanning, I, 129,
188; trade, I, 83, 283, 296-298, 300-301, 306; trees, I, 127;
trunk minders, I, 120; turnips, I, 209, 213; turpentine manu-
facture, I, 197; vicissitudes, I, 323-338; waste, I, 74, 91, 131,
256; watchmen, I, 120, 121 ; wheat, II, 273; system - Alabama,
I, 89; decline, I, 83, 85, 88; definition, I, 74; dependence upon
staples, I, 71-72; extension of, I, 85, 87, 88; influence, I, 94;
Jamaica, I, 80; Louisiana, I, 86; origin, I, 74; relation of soil
to system of labor, I, 93 ; size for various industries, I, 92, 93 ;
South Carolina, I, 81-82; systems of labor, I, 92; typical, I, 80,
81 ; Virginia, I, 74; West Indies, I, 79-81 ; see also Corn, Cotton,
Professional Planter, Rice, Sugar, Tobacco, etc.
Plasterers: strike, VI, 73 ; wages, VII, 48; see also Trade unions
Piatt, Erastus E., president, Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
168
Piatt, George C, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 195
Pleas of the Crown, see Hawkins
Pledger, Philip W., II, 164
Plotts, Naomi, land reformer, VIII, 27
Plowing, I, 133
Plumbers, see Trade unions
Politics] INDEX 301
Plummer, Azra, mechanic, II, 369
Poinsett, — , minister to Mexico, VII, 160
Police: citizens' squads, II, 148; Charleston, II, 113; insufficient in
south, II, 120; marshal's duty, II, 131; Milledgeville, Ga., II,
147; New Orleans, II, 153; officers, II, 148
Political Economy, sec Raymond (Daniel)
Politics: Agrarian Party - committee of fifty, V, 149- 1 54; criti-
cisms of press, V, 154-156; "Fanny Wright Ticket," V, 142;
organ, V, 143 ; resolutions, V, 1 51-154; Albany regency, V, 144;
Anti-Education Party - amalgamation with Federal Party, V,
144-145 ; nominations, V, 143 ; support, V, 144, 145 ; Baltimore -
mechanics' efforts, VI, 74, footnote; Labor Reform Party -Massa-
chusetts, IX, 369; New Hampshire, IX, 356; organization, IX,
42; Pennsylvania, IX, 369; Loco-foco Party, V, 36, 207; Me-
chanics' Union of Trade Associations, Philadelphia - address to
workingmen, V, 1 14-123; circular to legislative candidates, V,
93-94; entrance into politics, V, 90; nominations, V, 76-77;
organization, V, 75; preamble, V, 91 ; resolutions, V, 92; Work-
ingmen's Party formed, V, 90; National Labor Reform Party -
convention, IX, 272-273 ; nominations, IX, 273 ; organization,
IX, 271; platform, IX, 233-237; resignation of Judge Davis,
IX, 273; Native American Party, VII, 90; New England Asso-
ciation of Farmers', Mechanics and other Workingmen, V, 185;
North American Hotel Party, see Anti-education Party ; Political
Labor Party, IX, 355; prospects of workingmen, V, 182; Social
Labor Party of New York, IX, 351 ; State Guardianship Party -
amalgamation with Tammany, V, 145 ; nominations, V, 144, 145 ;
scheme of education, V, 165-174; "The Twenty-five," sec Anti-
education Party ; Whigs - V, 37 ; Workingmen s Party - Con-
necticut, V, 185; demands of, V, 24, 27-29; early movement, V,
31 ; Vermont, V, 185 ; Boston - attacks upon, V, 189-191 ; plat-
form, V, 188-189; New; York City - address, V, 157-160; "Coffin
Handbill," V, 206; committee of fifty, appointment, V, 147-148;
report, V, 149-154; report rejected, V, 157; demands, V, 24,
27-29; division, V, 165 ; education - majority report, V, 174-177 ;
minority report, V, 165-174; State Guardianship plan, V, 177;
history, V, 215; opposition toward, V, 154-156; hostility to
lotteries, V, 93; origin, V, 27, 141, 146-147; organization, V,
302 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Politics
Politics (continued) —
91-92; reorganization, V, 157-164; resolutions, V, 147-148, 160-
164, 204, footnote
Pollen, Peter, defendant, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 62-
66, 219
Pollock, William, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 338
Pomeroy, — , defendant, trial Baltimore Weavers, IV, 269
Pool, Baxter, mechanic, II, 370, footnote
Pool, Charles, delegate to General Convention of Trades, Boston,
VI, 91
Poor, Mary, association ist, VII, 205
Poor whites: I, 89; II, 165-168; character, II, 166; pine flats, II,
167 ; see "Crackers"
Poppal, Lewis, IV, ICO, 134
Population: congestion, I, 80; VII, 294; Lowell, VIII, 145
Porcher, Isaac de C, acknowledgments to, I, 103
Pork: price, II, 314; V, 31 ; see Prices
Pork-raising, I, 168, 169, 188, 216, 328, 330-333, 336
Porter, A., plantation accounts, I, 150- 165
Porters, see Trade unions
Porto Rico, exports, I, 92
Potomac River, removing obstructions, II, 177
Potter, Hugh, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128, 137, 230
Potter, James, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
250, 267, 289
Potters, demand on frontier, II, 175
Poud, R. C, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII,
288
Poulson's American Daily Advertiser, cited, V, 78, 81
Powderly, Terrence V: X, 19, footnote, 28, footnote; Thirty
Years of Labor, X, 19
Powell, Joseph H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 228
Powell, William, delegate to Trade Union Society, Baltimore, VI,
138
Power, E. W., land reformer, VIII, 28
Powers, David, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 228
Practical Christian, The, I, 25
Prices] INDEX 3J3
Practical Essays on American Government, see Hart (A. B.)
Practical Rules for the Management and Medical Treatment of
Negro Slaves in the Sugar Colonies, I, 129-130; II, 127-133
Pratt, David, delegate to General Convention of Trades, Boston,
VI, 91
Pratt, S. B., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 228
Prendevall, William, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tai-
lors, IV, 101, 151-152
Prescott, Daniel, associationist, VII, 245
Present State of Virginia, see Jones (Hugh)
Preston, William, witness, II, 276
Price, Benjamin, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288, 301, 316, 324. 325, 338, 340
Price, Fannington, delegate to New York State Industrial Legis-
lature, VIII, 319, 320, 323, 325
Price, J. W., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Price, Joseph, juror, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 62
Price, Dr. William, associationist, VII, 241, 242, 247, 248
Prices: beef, II, 253, 309, 314; brandy, II, 314; bread, II, 343;
butter, II, 314; VII, 53; carding, II, 335; castings, II, 308;
chart of wholesale, V, 19; cheese, II, 314; cloth, V, 137; coal,
II, 313; codfish, V, 137; coffee, II, 194; VIII, 275; cotton, II,
192 ; drugs, V, 137, footnote; effect of paper money, V, 31 ; farm
products, VII, 53; X, 116; flasked ware, II, 308; flour, II, 314,
3431 V, 31 ; fluctuations, VIII, 213; IX, 48; food supplies, IX,
67-71; frontier, II, 194; fruit, VII, 49; fuel, V, 32; VII, 48,
49, 98; Indian meal, II, 314; VII, 49; land, I, 148, 149, 166,
176-182; II, 73, 234. 265, 267; VII, 54; leather, II, 175; IV,
51, 54; machinery, X, no; meat, X, 99; milk, II, 314; molasses,
VIII, 275 ; mutton, II, 309 ; pig lead, VII, 48 ; planters' supplies,
I, 299; pork, II, 309, 314; V, 31 ; Prison labor, V, 52-53; regu-
lation, III, 27; VI, 102; rice, V, 137; riding habits, IV, 156-157,
165, 167; rise, V, 20, 31, 205; VI, 48; rum, II, 309; salt, II,
194, 278; shoes, II, 175; III, 32, 36, 49. 124, 126, 130, 215;
IV, 29, 45, 46, 48-52, 54. 56; VII, 48; slaves, I, 88, 100, 134.
137. 139. 143. U8, 172, 184; II, 72-73. 243; staples in South
Carolina, II, 309; sugar, VIII, 275; tea, VIII, 275; town lots,
304 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Prices
Prices (continued) —
II, 267; tailor made goods, IV, 117-118; tools, V, 52; weaving,
II, 326; wheat, VII, 49 J X, 93; whiskey, II, 314
Prickett, John, member Illinois farmers' convention, X, 48
Priestly, John, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
245 ; VI, 197, 200
Primrose, Edward, mechanic, II, 370, footnote
Primrose, John, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 260, 269
Prince, Casper, master hatter, VI, 100
Prince, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 195
Prince, Samuel, delegate to General Convention of Trades, Boston,
VI, 91
Prindle, William H., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 301
Printer, The, cited, IX, 67-70
Printers: advice to immigrants, VII, 66; apprenticeship, VII, 119-
123, 125-126; bad workmen, VII, 123; Bulletin of the United
States Bureau of Labor, VI, 343, 346; chapels, VII, 126-128;
chronopress printers, VIII, 288; conventions, VI, 312; coopera-
tion, VII, 129-130; VIII, 338; distribution of copy, VII, 117;
early organization, V, 20; lithographic, VIII, 302; Proceedings
of the National Typographical Convention, VI, 346-351 ; strike,
V, 231, 327; tramp, VII, 123; circular of Typographical Asso-
ciation, V, 212; wages, II, 378-379; VII, 109-131; see also
Trade unions
Prison labor, see Convict labor
Proceedings of . . . Mechanics and other Workingmen, Dec. 29,
1829, V, 157-164
Proceedings of the Government and Citizens of Philadelphia on the
Reduction of the Hours of Labor and Increase of Wages, VI,
73,231
Proceedings of the International Union of Machinists and Black-
smiths, cited, IX, 117
Proceedings of the National Typographical Convention, VI, 346-
351
Proctor, — , factory operative, VIII, 146
Proctor, Billy, letter, II, 41
Pyper] INDEX 305
Professional Planter, A, Practical Rules for the Management and
Medical Treatment of Negro Slaves in the Sugar Colonies, I,
127-130; II, 127-133
Progress and Poverty, see George (Henry)
Prosens, Peter F., delegate to New York State Industrial Legis-
lature, VIII, 316
Proseus, David, member of jury, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV,
279, 312
Protective Union, The, VIII, 326, 327
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, What is Property?, IX, 33, 35
Publes,— ,VII, 182
Public domain, see Land reform
Public employment: bonds of officials, V, 120-121, 163; hours of
labor, V, 35 ; VI, 41, 233-234, 274, 277, 299-304 ; sewing women,
IX, 72-73
Public Ledger, The, cited, V, 326, 328, 350, 379, 386, 388; VI,
66-70, 193, 308, 330, 351-353; VII, 102-104, 105-108
Public Laws of Illinois, cited, IX, 330
Public utilities: bakery, II, 344-345; land reformer's policy, VII,
315; government ownership proposed, IX, 272
Puett, A. M., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 197, 205, 231,
259, 261, 270, 272
Pullis, George, defendant, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III,
62-66, 219
Pullis [Pallis, Pulis?], John C, delegate to New York General
Trades' Union, V, 251, 289, 298, 300
Pulver, John, member of jury, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 279,
312
Punishments, see Slave labor
Purdy, Samuel, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
272, 274
Putnam, Charles, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
165
Putnam, Mary Kellogg, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 34,
footnote, 195, 205
Pyne, James A., land reformer, VII, 305
Pyper, James, witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
81-82
306 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Quant.
Quantrell, William, land reformer, VIII, 28
Quarrymen, see Trade Unions
Queen, John, juror, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 362, 363
Quail, G. K., master hatter, VI, 100
Quervelle, Anthony, master cabinet-maker, VII, 108
Quin, Thomas, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Quincy, Josiah, X, 67
Quinn, James, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
147, 238, 251, 257
Quirk, William H., cabinet maker, VII, 106
Race question, see Immigration, Slave labor
Races and Immigrants, see Commons (J. R.)
Radclifr, Jacob, judge, III, 361, 364
Radcliffe, Dr. J., associationist, VII, 241, 242, 245
Radford, Thomas, defendant, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV,
101, 106, 113, 114-115, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123, 125, 128, 132,
133, 134, 141, H3, 158, 167, 208
Radical Reformer and Working Mans Advocate, cited, V, 50;
VI, 73
Rahan, Joseph, carpenter, II, 371
Railroads: argument against, II, 336; Baltimore and Washington,
II, 178; development, X, 43; effects, V, 32; VII, 100-101 ; free
pass, X, 50, 57 ; hostility toward, II, 336-337 ; influence on immi-
gration, I, 51 ; land grants, I, 47 ; legislation, X, 63, 68-70; plan-
tation use, I, 219; rate regulation, X, 49, 55-56, 60, 63, 65-66,
68, 95 ; see Land
Raleigh Register, The, cited, II, 85
Raleigh Standard, The, cited, II, 299
Raleigh Star, The, cited, II, 103
Ramsay, Charles, errand boy, IV, 114, 126-129, 155
Ramsay, David, letter, II, 166
Ramsay, William, letter, II, 122
Ramsdale, John: V, 134; delegate to National Labor Union, IX,
258
Rand, Gilman, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128, 132,
137, 168
Redemptioners] INDEX 307
Randall, Nicholas, witness, trial Philadelphia Spinners, IV, 267,
283-286, 288, 315, 325
Ranger, journal of, II, 292-293
Rappites, VII, 319
Ratchford, James, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 195
Rationalism, see Owenism
Ravenel, Henry, diary, II, 91
Ravenel, Thomas P., diary, I, 195-203
Rawlings, D., planter, II, 209, 213, 214; letter, II, 208
Rawlings, Thomas, planter, II, 207, 209
Ray, J., delegate to Trade Union Convention of District of Col-
umbia, VI, 119, 120, 125, 129, 132, 133, 134, 137
Ray, William, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 239
Raybold, John L., delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 375
Rayfield, William, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 100, 135, 136, 173
Raymond, Daniel, Political Economy, V, 387
Read, Andrew, delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VI, 318
Read, George, defendant, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 252
Read, James, defendant, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 252
Read, John F., cordwainer, VI, 30, 38, 318, 321, 325. 327. 328, 329
Reardon, — , delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
340
Reaves, William, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
143; VIII, 91
Reconstruction, see National Labor Union
Recor, William, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Red River Republican, The, cited, I, 253, 317
Redden, George S., VI, 114
Redderson, T., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 287, 288, 301
Reddmole, John, carpenter, II, 371
Redemptioners : coachman, I, 354-355; criminal, I, 357-365; de-
mand for labor, I, 77 ; Diary of John Harrower, I, 188-189, 366-
371; German, I, 374-375; runaway, I, 346, 347, 374-3751 H.
327-329 ; Scotch, I, 355-356; trade in, I, 374
3o8 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Redm.
Redmond, — , cordwainer, IV, 38, 49
Redstone, Albert E., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 259,
265
Reduction of Hours an Increase of Wages, see Steward (Ira)
Reed, Asahel, delegate to New York General Trades' Convention,
V, 294, 299
Reed, James, witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
48-49
Reed, James H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 127, 137
Reed, John, carpenter, II, 371
Reed, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 126
Reed, Joseph, judge, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors, IV,
101, 124, 128, 133, 142-148
Reed, Samuel F., address on land reform, VI, 46
Reed, Thomas, defendant, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 18,
28, 34, 39, 43
Reed, William B., counsel, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 102, 142-148
Rees, George, master cordwainer, III, 105
Reese, J., delegate to Pittsburgh Workingmen's Convention, VIII,
332
Reeve, — , History of English Law, cited, III, 263, 264, 306, 379
Referendum, proposed, IX, 272
Register of Pennsylvania, The, cited, V, 338
Registres des Metiers et Marchandises de la Ville de Paris, see Dep-
ping (Georges Bernard)
Regney, Patrick, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 230
Reid, John, delegate to National Labor Union, VIII, 301 ; IX,
128, 129, 132, 137
Reitz, Victor M., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 270
Religion: camp meeting, II, 284-286; legislation, V, 30; missionary
to Indians, II, 234; Sabbath desecration, II, 287; slave, I, 114,
115, 264
Remington, Frederick J: Albany Trades' Union, committee mem-
ber, VI, 149, 154, 168, 172; delegate, VI, 147, 170; letter, VI,
67; resolutions, VI, 161, 164; National Trades' Union, com-
mittee member, VI, 231, 237, 238, 240, 263, 269, 274, 297;
delegate, VI, 162, 265; resolutions, VI, 249, 273-274, 275
Rice] INDEX 309
Remington, Thomas, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 261
Renne, J. Z., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 300
Rent: demands of "patroons," VII, 300; fund of associat ionises,
VII, 203-204; high, VII, 48, 97-98; IX, 150, 151 ; rise, V, 31 ;
tenement, VII, 225
Renton [Renter?], Thomas, defendant, trial Twenty Journeymen
Tailors, IV, 315, 319, 326
Reock, Aaron, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 181
Report of the Agricultural Survey of South Carolina, cited, I, 290
Report on the State of the Labor Market, etc, in New York, IX,
76-78
Republik der Arbeiter, Die, I, 25
Restriction of output: cordwainers, VI, 22; see Closed shop
Retail order work, see Industrial stages
Retz, Fred, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 230
Revolution, The, IX, 227
Revolutionary War, effect, I, 85
Reyan, James, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI, 152
Reynolds, John, juror, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors, IV,
102
Reynolds, Peter, witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
47-48
Rhodes, James F., Molly Maguires in the Anthracite Region of
Pennsylvania, IX, 50, footnote
Ricardo, David, IX, 36
Rice: barrel, I, 134, footnote; decline of industry, I, 85; effect of
industry, I, 82; introduction of industry, I, 81, 259; milling,
I, 263; plantation records, I, 115, 122-126, 134-166, 309, 325,
326, 336-338 ; rules, I, 1 15- 126; size, 1,92; price, V, 134; profits,
I, 263; task labor, I, 117-118, 126; threshing, I, 263; types of
estate, I, 251
Rice, Hon. Alexander H., IX, 303
Rice, James, defendant, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 18, 28,
32, 34. 49
Rice, Prescott, delegate to General Convention of Trades, Boston,
VI, 91,92
3io AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Rich.
Richards, George H., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
Richards, Samuel, juror, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 62
Richardson, Alpha, delegate to General Convention of Trades,
Boston, VI, 90, 91
Richardson, E., delegate and committee member to Chinese Labor
Convention, IX, 84
Richardson, G. B., delegate to New York State Industrial Legis-
lature, VIII, 316
Richardson, James D., Messages and Papers of the Presidents, VIII,
85
Richardson, John, witness, trial Philadelphia Spinners, IV, 267
Richardson, William, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 301
Richey, Daniel, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 259, 265
Richmond Compiler, The, cited, II, 335
Richmond Enquirer, The, cited, II, 347
Rickets, Robert, delegate to Union Trade Society, Baltimore, VI,
108
Riddell, Crawford, master cabinet-maker, VII, 108
Riddle, James, witness, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 23, 27,
33,34,35,46,48-51, 53, 55
Riddle, Thomas, witness, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 51-52
Ridenhure, William, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 337
Rider, — , V, 134
Ridley, P. M. B., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Ridley, Thomas, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
225
Rigbay, Thomas, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V,28i
Riggers, see Trade unions
Rights of Man to Property, The, see Skidmore (Thomas)
Rigney, Michael, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 289
Rihl, Charles H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 259
Riker, — , district attorney, III, 310-318, 346
Roberts] INDEX 311
Riley, Michael, delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VI, 318, 321,327
Rimer, Thomas, master cordwainer, III, 105
Ring, J. M., delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VIII, 316
Riots: Allegheny City, VIII, 200; Baltimore, II, 179; nature, V, 26
Ripley, George: association ists' convention, committee member, VII,
189, 201 ; president, VII, 188; secretary, VII, 205; criticism of
Wendell Phillips, VII, 221-222; founder of West Roxbury
Community, VII, 148; Ten-hour Convention - address, VIII,
94, 95,* treasurer, VIII, 108
Risdon, Richard P., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 123
Rise and Progress of the General Trades' Union of the City of
New York, see Finch (John)
Ritchie, George W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169,
192, 194
Riter, George, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 300
Roach, David S., secretary Laborers' Union Association, VIII, 225
Roach, William, clerk, II, 343
Roads: Alabama, II, 266; frontier, II, 198, 199, 200; Nashville
to Natchez, II, 195
Roande, James, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229, 240
Robb, Charles, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
iv, 100, 135-136, 152
Robb, Samuel, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors, IV,
100, 135, 153
Robb, William, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 100, 114, 134-135, HO, 153, 174, 214
Robbins, Benjamin, vice president Industrial Congress, VII, 276
Roberts, — , delegate to New England Workingmen's Association,
VIII, 93
Roberts, David S., delegate to New York State Industrial Legis-
lature, VI, 318, 321
Roberts, Joseph, mechanic, II, 368
Roberts, Marshall, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128,
129, 134, 137
312 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Roberts
Roberts, Samuel, judge, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 17, 77-
87, 161, 263
Roberts, Samuel, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 195
Roberts, William, weaver, II, 327
Roberts, William D., delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 265,
269, 298, 304
Robertson, D. A., member, Patrons of Husbandry, X, 76
Robertson, Frederick, delegate to New England Workingmen's
Association, VIII, no
Robertson, George, carpenter, II, 371
Robertson, Thomas, master cabinet maker, VII, 108
Robin, C. C, Voyages . . . de la Louisiana, II, 31
Robins, Isaac, cordwainer, VI, 318
Robinson, George, justice, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 17
Robinson, George S., delegate to New England Workingmen's
Association, VIII, 105, 108
Robinson, Israel, master carpenter, VI, 35
Robinson, John G., delegate to Trades' Union Convention of Dis-
trict of Columbia, VI, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129
Robinson, Sir R., letter, II, 160
Robinson, William, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 251, 282
Rochdale, see Cooperation
Rodney, Caesar A., counsel, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III,
61, 76, 77, 104, 116, 117, 129, 131, 162-206
Raff, Almon, vice president, workingmen's mass meeting, V, 318
Rogers, E. H., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Rogers, F., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII,
301
Rogers, J. B., associationist, VII, 242
Rogers, Joseph, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 338
Rogers, Nathan A., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 312
Rolle, — , Abridgment, cited, III, 340
Rolles Town, I, 350
Roma, Francis, carpenter, II, 371
Ruppell] INDEX 313
Romans, Bernard, Concise Natural History of East and W est
Florida, I, 348-352
Ronald, John, weaver, IV, Supp., 48, 49-52, 55*56, 83
Roosevelt, Clinton, VII, 182
Rope makers: strike, V, 231 ; wages, V, 227
Rose, Daniel, defendant, trial Twenty Journeymen Tailors, IV,
315. 3»9. 326; V, 224, 242
Rose, Samuel I)., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 257
Roseman, £. L., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 195, 224,
228
Rosenheim, A. H., land reformer, VIII, 27
Ross, — , clerk, IV, 121, 140, 151, 156
Ross, Hon.— , VIII, 122
Ross, Edward A., acknowledgments to, I, 103
Ross, Jabez, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
265, 298
Ross, L. F., member Illinois farmers' convention, X, 48
Roth, — , delegate to New England Industrial League, VIII, 333
Rouse, Herman H., juror, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 279, 312
Routine work, see Plantation
Rowe, Elizabeth, factory operative, VIII, 138
Rowe, William, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288
Rowell, J. H., X, 51
Rowland, George, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
175, 176, 177
Rowland, K. M., Life of George Mason, I, 305, 355 ; II, 292
Royal Gazette, The, cited, II, 95
Ruff, William, VI, 44, 46
Ruffin, Edward, Report of the Agricultural Survey of South Caro-
lina, I, 290
Ruggles, Hon. Samuel B., IX, 75
Rules of Work of the Masons of the Town of Boston, I, 25
Rum, see Prices
Rumsay, Edward, manufacturer, II, 348
Runaways, see Apprenticeship, Indentured Servants, Slave labor
Ruppell, L., member International Workingmen's Association, IX,
359, 366
314 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Rural
Rural Carolinian, cited, X, 80
Russell, B. B., delegate to Trades' Union Convention of District
of Columbia, VI, 127, 128, 129, 130, 137
Russell, J. B., associationist, VII, 206
Russell, W. H., My Diary North and South, I, 256-258; II, 181
Russell, W. S., delegate to Trades' Union Convention of District
of Columbia, VI, 119, 120, 121, 123, 125, 126
Ryan, Lewis, witness, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 67, 105,
106, 130
Ryan, Martin, witness, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 101, 152
Ryan, Philip, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V, 215
Ryckman, Lewis W: Association convention, committee member,
VII, 189; secretary, VII, 181; vice president, VII, 182; In-
dustrial Congress, call, VIII, 21 ; committee member, VIII, no;
delegate, VIII, 26, 27; educational policy, VIII, 105-106; gov-
ernmental policy, VIII, 104-105 ; land reform policy, VIII, 109;
president, VIII, 108; ten-hour policy, VIII, 94; theory of coop-
eration, VIII, 121 ; vice president, VIII, 301
Rye, cultivation, I, 129
Ryland, — , delegate to Patrons of Husbandry, X, 122
Sabbath, desecration, II, 287
Sackett, Moses, associationist, VII, 276
Saddlers: benevolent society, VIII, 294, 302; cooperation, VI, 58;
negro, II, 366; Saddle and Harness Makers' Association, VIII,
338
Saffin, William, of Molders' International Union, delegate to Na-
tional Labor Union, IX, 258
Sailmakers, see Trade unions
Sailors, see Trade unions
St. Ganden, B., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 341
Salley, A. S., Jr., I, 183
Salley, G. M., letter, I, 326
Salt, price, II, 194, 278
Sampson, C. T., manufacturer, IX, 84, 85
Sampson, William, counsel, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 251,
256-310, 336-360, 361, 372-374, 379
rrs] INDEX 315
Sanborn, S. H., member Boston Mechanics' and Laborers' Asso-
ciation, VIII, 263
San Domingo: industrial and social status, II, 155-157; rise, I, 92
Sanford, Amos, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 258, 261
Sanford, Anson P., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Sanford, George, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
144, 145, 152, 158
Sapp, — , delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 137
Sappington, John, letter, II, 262
Sappington, Thomas, master hatter, VI, 107
Sark, Gustav, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288
Sartain, Samuel, association ist, VII, 205
Sash and blind makers, see Trade unions
Saunders, — , V, 134
Saunders, C. W., V, 192
Saunders, John, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Conventions,
VIII, 338
Saunders, Joseph, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 170
Saunders, William, editor ( ?), X, 71
Savage, — , delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 180
Savage, Charles C, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 301
Savage, Chief Justice — , V, 294, 295, 296, 364; VI, 126, 129.
324. 325
Savannah Mercury, The, cited, II, 338
Savannah Republican, The, cited, II, 353
Savery, James C, member American Emigrant Company, IX, 75
Savory, R., delegate to Pittsburgh Workingmen's Convention, VIII,
332
Sawyer, — , a redemptioner, I, 347
Sawyer, Francis A., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 279, 280; VI, 230, 235, 237, 238, 240, 248
Sawyer, Jonathan, delegate to New York State Industrial Legisla-
ture, VIII, 316, 332
Sawyer, Wyman B., land reformer, VIII, 27
Sawyers, demand for, I, 340
316 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Saxton
Saxton, H. L., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 197
Sayre, Samuel, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, VI, 67
Sayre, William, cordwainer, VI, 317, 320
Scab labor: III, 57, 75-77, 85, 89, 90, 93, 96, 100; IV, 139, 287;
IV, Supp., 36, 40, 44-47 ; see also "Dung" Tailors
Scaife, Jeffrey, juror, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 17
Scarlett, William, delegate to Newark Trades' Convention, VI, 177
Scheer, Charles, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 303
Schenck, Howard S : National Trades' Union, committee member,
VI, 199, 202, 203; delegate, VI, 196, 197; nomination for vice
president, VI, 204; political policy, VI, 21 1, 213 ; report on hours
and wages, VI, 203 ; thanks to editors, VI, 210; Newark General
Trades' Union, committee member, VI, 176, 177, 179; corres-
ponding secretary, VI, 175; delegate to New York General
Trades' Union, V, 240; resolutions, VI, 178
Schermerhorn, Edward A: Albany General Trades' Union, com-
mittee member, VI, 174; delegate, VI, 157, 168; resolutions,
VI, 169; secretary, VI, 158; National Trades' Union, committee
member, VI, 235, 247-248, 250; secretary, VI, 250; ten-hour
policy, VI, 246-248
Schetterly, H. R., land reformer, VIII, 27
Schilling, — , VIII, 308
Schlager [Schleger, Schlaeger, Schlegel?], E., delegate to National
Labor Union, IX, 128, footnote, 129, 132, 134, 135, 171
Schouler, Hon. William, VIII, 151
Schreiner, Jacob, juror, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 62
Schroeder, Andrew, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 127,
129, 137, 141, 170, 175
Schryver [Schriver?], Adam, delegate to Albany General Trades'
Union, VI, 158, 169
Science of Society, see Andrews (S. P.)
Seism, John, delegate to New England Workingmen's Association,
VIII, no
Scotch-Irish, see Immigration
Scott, Judge — , opinion, III, 379
Scott, Alexander, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 170, 335
Scott, David A: National Trades' Union, delegate, VI, 196; nomi-
Select] INDEX 317
nation for vice president, VI, 204; view* on female labor, VI,
220; New York General Trade*' Union, committee member, V,
219, 246, 249, 305, 308; delegate, V, 256; report on bikers, V,
304-305; report on stone cutters, V, 255; report on tailors,
V, 248, 267 ; strike policy, V, 307-308; vice president, V, 219
Scott, Henry, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 355, 359,
386, 388
Scott, John, witness, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 37
Scott, Joseph, carpet weaver, VIII, 239
Scott, Robert, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 158, 167; VI, 178, 199
Scott, S. B. N., delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
236, 237, 256
Scott, Thomas, president Pennsylvania Railroad, IX, 272
Scott, William, defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 106, 113, 118, 119, 128, 143
Scott, William, land reformer, VIII, 26
Scribner, Asa: National Trades' Union, committee member, VI,
235. 238, 248, 325; delegate, VI, 316, 317; memorial to Con-
gress, VI, 246-248; ten-hour policy, VI, 246-248; Newark
Trades' Union, committee member, VI, 176, 179, 181 ; delegate,
VI, 175
Scrimgeour, E. J., boarding-house keeper, IV, Supp., 41
Scullin, John, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288
Scully, John, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
337
Seabrook, Whitemarsh B., Memoir on Cotton, extract, I, 274-275
Sea Coast crops, Essay on, see Allston (R. F. W.)
Seaman, Jacob W., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 287, 288
Sears, Charles, land reformer, VIII, 27
Seaver, Horace, delegate to Ten-hour Convention, VIII, 93
Second Visit to the United States, see Lyell (Charles)
Segus, Leonard C, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 228
Seixas, Abraham, slave trader, I, 307-308
Selden Society, I, 20
Select Excerpta, Matthew Carey, V, 67
3i8
AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
[Sclig
Selig, Jacob S., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169
Seller, S., associationist, VII, 182
Sellers, James, Jr., associationist, VII, 205
Semple, James, overseer, I, 109
Senegals, see Negroes
Sentell, Charles, delegate to New York State Industrial Legisla-
ture, VIII, 316
Serrill, Jacob, coal merchant, VI, 46
Servoss, Charles K., VI, 44
Sevier, Capt. John, II, 219
Sewall, Benjamin T., vice president, Philadelphia Trades' Union,
V, 349
Seward, Mason, associationist, VII, 242
Seward, Hon. William H., IX, 296
Sewing- women, see Women
Shaffer, Balthaser, mechanic, II, 368
Shaffer, James, carpenter, II, 371
Shaker Tract, VII, 251
Shakers, VII, 319
Shallcross, Leonard, master cordwainer, III, 105
Shankland, E. R., delegate to Patrons of Husbandry, X, 82
Sharp, Benjamin, land reformer, VIII, 27
Sharp, George, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 239
Sharp, James, delegate to General Convention of Trades, Boston,
VI, 90
Sharp, John L., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
Sharp, P. G., delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 168, 169
Sharp, Richard: National Trades' Union, delegate, VI, 197, 202;
New York General Trades' Union, committee member, V, 219,
248, 257, 262 ; delegate, V, 256, 277
Sharpless, William, printer, VI, 347, 352
Sharrott, Abraham, land reformer, VIII, 27
Shattuck, Solomon, witness, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 287, 288
Shaw, Albert, editor, I, 22
Shaw, James, mechanic, II, 369
Shaw, John H., carpenter, II, 371
Sheddon, John, land reformer, VIII, 28
Shoemakers] INDEX 3>9
Sheep, I, 21 o, 231, 249
Sheldon, George T. E„ delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 303
Sheldon, Rev. H. O: delegate to National Labor Reform Party,
IX, 272; National Labor Union, delegate, IX, 231, 258, 270,
272; prayer, IX, 261 ; tariff policy, IX, 265
Shellabarger, Hon. — , X, 51
Shelton, Hon. Thomas J., VIII, 151
Shenandoah Valley: court news, II, 286; indentured servants, II,
287; industry domestic, I, 254-255; pioneers, I, 84
Shepard, Charles, justice of the peace, IV, Supp., 136
Shepard, S. C, delegate Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 385
Shepherd, Joseph, carpenter, II, 371
Sheppard, John, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII. 337
Sherborne, Thomas P., master cabinet maker, VII, 108
Sheridan, James, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 100, 131-132
Sheridan, Redmond, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 287, 301
Sheriff, Hart R., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 338
Sherrod, Walter, cordwainer, VIII, 236
Shields, John, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors, IV,
100, 107, 195-196, 198
Shields, Robert, tailor, IV, III
Shields, W. A., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 228
Sniffer, William H., delegate to Newark Trades* Union, VI, 182
Ship carpenters: demoralization of union, IX, 199; grievances, VI,
83-86; strike, VI, 79-82, 83-86
Ship joiners, see Trade unions
Shipley, A. R., X, 133
Shipman, Thomas D., Report on the State of the Labor Market,
etc., in New York, cited, IX, 76-78
Ship sawyers, see Trade unions
Shipwrights, see Trade unions
Shoemaker, Abraham, alderman, III, 61
Shoemakers: advice to immigrants, VII, 65; apprenticeship, IV, 36-
320 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Shoem.
Shoemakers (continued) —
38, 40, 43-44; V, 69; VIII, 233; "bad ware," III, 22, 50; Boot
and Shoemakers' Working Union, VIII, 287; Bootmakers' so-
ciety, VIII, 302; Boston - incorporation, III, 22; charter, I, 27;
III, 20-21, footnote; closed shop, III, 70-73; combination, III,
65-66; competition, VI, 29; conspiracy, III, 20, 251 (see also
Conspiracy trials) ; cooperation, V, 367, 368; Cordwain Boot and
Shoemakers, VIII, 342; cordwainer's convention, call, V, 316,
330-331; delegates, V, 317-318; preliminary meeting, V, 314-
316; proceedings, V, 318-329; societies - ladies' branch, V, 46;
VIII, 221, 301; Lynn, 232-234, 234-236; men's branch, VIII,
301, 341 ; protective society, VIII, 287 ; cost of living, IV, 51-52 ;
demand on frontier, II, 174, 175, 349; domestic manufacture,
VII, 72; employers' association, V, 32-35, 311-313; employers'
opposition to union, V, 246 ; Federal Society of Journeymen Cord-
wainers, III, 1 10; fines, IV, 282, 283, 287 ; grievances, VI, 21-27 ;
"foul goods," VI, 38; guild, III, 20-25 ; hardships, IV, 70; hours
of labor, III, 40, 118; incorporation, III, 22; itinerant, III,
23, 24; land policy, VII, 307-310; market, III, 30; masters'
society, III, 26-27, J25, 128, 166; IV, 55; organization, III, 35,
39, 72, 86, 174-177; V, 20; VI, 21, 314-316; prison labor, V,
54-56; profit, III, 125; IV, 48; restriction of output, VI, 22;
rules, III, 166; IV, 177, 281; scab labor, III, 72-73; 90-98;
"Shoomakers of Boston," III, 20-22; shop-work, development,
III, 30, 32, 33; price, III, 86; retail sales, III, 49; sick benefit,
III, 34; Society of Journeymen, Hudson, officers, IV, 280; New
York City, constitution, III, 364-368; IV, 177; strikes, III, 81,
249; V, 46, 240-242, 246, 248, 350, 354, 365; VI, 27-29;
"tools found," IV, 29; "tramping committee," III, 75; wages,
III, 27, 35, 38, footnote, 72, 118; IV, 281; V, 365-367 J VI,
22-24, 27-28, 36-38, 65, 134, 135, 137, 184; see also Conspiracy
trials, Industrial stages
Shoes, price, VII, 48
Short, John: National Trades' Union, committee member, VI, 199,
200, 201, 204; delegate, VI, 196, 197; educational policy, VI,
201 ; New York General Trades' Union, committee member,
V, 243, 248; delegate, V, 261 ; election inspector, V, 262
Showard, George W., land reformer, VIII, 26
Siney] INDEX 321
Shrevcport Gazette, The, cited, II, 1 19
Shubcrt, George, delegate to Philadelphia Trade*' Union, V, 337
Shuck, Simon, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 193, 229
Shufelt, John I., juror, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 279, 312
Shults, C, member Mechanics' Mutual Protection, New York,
VIII, 251
Shultz, Robert E., carpenter, VI, 337
ShurtleflF, Joseph, delegate Albany General Trades' Union, VI, 144,
145, 161
Sibley, Hon. H. H., VIII, 74.75
Siebert, H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196
Sierra Leone, negro colony, II, 158
Silance, Charles J., delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
171
Silver knife makers: VIII, 338, 342; see also Trade unions
Silversmiths: VIII, 288, 301 ; sec also Jewellers, Trade unions
Simes, John W., juror, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors, IV,
102
Simmons, Joseph, member of jury, trial Philadelphia Cordwaincrs,
III, 62
Simms, James, II, 70
Simon, Martin, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169
Simons, John, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 351
Simpson, George, weaver, IV, Supp., 33, 35, 44, 45, 48, 54. 93-99
Simpson, James, mechanic, II, 369
Simpson, James, witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
46
Simpson, R. W. G., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
Simpson, Thomas, juror, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 102
Sims, Benjamin, planter, I, 253
Sims (Symmes), James, witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV,
Supp., 84, 103
Sims, Joseph B., planter, II, 122
Siney, John: delegate to National Labor Reform Party, IX, 272;
National Labor Union, delegate, IX, 257, 270, 272; tariff pol-
icy, IX, 265
322 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Sintz.
Sintzenich, M., delegate to International Industrial Assembly, IX,
1 20
Skeegs, Thomas, defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tai-
lors, IV, 101, 102, 106, 113, 118, 119, 128, 137, 143, 167
Skelton, Hon. C, VIII, 66-67
Skidmore, Thomas: V, 78, 149-154; "The original workingmen,"
V, 142; repudiated by Workingmen's Party, V, 157; Rights of
Man to Property, V, 141 ; see also A grarianism
Skillig (Skillen?), John, defendant, trial Twenty Journeymen
Tailors, IV, 315, 319, 326
Skinner, Richard, planter, II, 209
Slamm, Levi D: National Trades' Union, committee member, VI,
250, 267, 269, 297-298; delegate, VI, 228, 265; prison labor
policy, VI, 244, 245, 297-298; resolutions, VI, 244, 249-250,
258; secretary, VI, 229; New York General Trades' Union,
committee member, V, 242, 243, 251, 252, 253, 255, 256, 257,
264, 265, 271, 274, 278, 279, 283-284, 284-285, 290, 291-293,
294, 296, 297, 298, 299 ; corresponding secretary, V, 262 ; dele-
gate, V, 238; letter, V, 271; resolutions, V, 263; secretary, V,
318; ten-hour policy, V, 252-253
Slaughter, Capt. — , II, 225, 226, 227, 228
Slaveholders: estates, I, 89; vexations of, I, 174
Slaveholding, difficulty of avoiding, II, 29-30
Slave labor: absence from plantation, I, 116; advertised for sale
and hire, II, 47, 52, 55, 57, 58; allowances, I, m, 114, 116,
126, 127, 128, 129, 148, 316, 332, 336; artisans, I, 112, 244,
249; associated with white labor, II, 356, 357; bricklayer, II,
47; care, I, 109-113, 1 16-122, 124, 125, 166, 309-317; H, 31;
caste, II, 134; children, I, 143, 148; clothing, I, 293-296; coffle,
II, 59; compensation for execution, II, 122; condition, II, 46-
47. 134. 361-367; Coromantins, II, 128; cotton mills, II, 358;
crimes, II, 1 18-125, 149; demand for, I, 88; II, 65; diet, II,
253; disadvantages, II, 34-37; discipline, I, 128, 129-130, 313;
11,32,39. 137; diseases, I, 141,217, 218, 249, 309-311, 332; II,
131; drivers (negro), I, 120, 129, 139; duty forbidden, II, 29;
efficiency, II, 33-34. 38, 46-47. I35» 137 J emancipation, II, 40,
142, 143, 160, 183, 250-251 ; hostility of free labor, VII, 60-61 ;
exclusion, I, 81 ; expense of maintenance, II, 46, 357, 358; fac-
Smelting] INDEX 323
tory operatives, II, 358; festival, II, 134; frontier, II, aoi, 203,
204-206, 208,210, 211, 212, 245, 250-251, 253, 256; gala draft,
II, 134; Greek, I, 348-352; hiring, II, 36; III, 147, 179, 201-
205, 208, 217, 341, 348; holidays, I, 117, 202; housing, I, 113,
169; II, 34; importation, II, 29-30, 128; Indian, II, 242; in-
gratitude, II, 136, 139; injury to free labor, II, 337-338, 360-361 ;
inspection of quarters, I, 209-214; introduction, I, 45; Italian,
I. 348-352; legislation, II, 128; lists, I, 135-140; management,
I, 129-130; mechanics, II, 112; migration, I, 85, 88, 90; II,
176. 177; mining, II, 179; moral effect, VII, 64; mulatto chil-
dren, II, 134; night work for pay, II, 45; outlaw, II, 86-87;
Phantees, II, 128; prices, I, 88, 100, 134, 136, 137, 139, 143,
148, 171-172, 184; II, 30, 54, 71-73, 210, 243, 256, 341 ; priv-
ileges, I, 114, 116, 122, 221, 229; punishments, I, 113, 116, 118,
126, 128, 130, 334, 335. 371 1 reliability, II, 138; religious exer-
cises, I, 114, 115, 264; replaced indentured labor, I, 77; replaced
Indian labor, I, 79; restrictions, I, 147-152; runaways, I, 311,
320, 321, 334, 335; II, 42, 75, 80-98, 118, 122, 152, 212, 245;
sale, I, 89, 90; scarcity, II, 207; shoemakers, II, 46; Spanish, I,
348-352; status in Texas, II, 250; stolen, II, 75, 76-78, 79;
suicide, II, 31, 94; supplanted by Irish, II, 182; tasks, I, 117,
118, 126, 260, footnote; treatment, I, 329, 330, 334, 335; II,
31, 44-46, 59-67, 131, 180, 201-202, 249; usefulness, I, 72; see
also Associationists, Greeley, Mexico, Negroes, Plantation, Wind-
ward Islands
Slave States of America, see Buckingham (J. S.)
Slave trade: coffle, II, 59; abolition, I, 88; commission, I, 374; dis-
tributing agency, II, 49-50; evils of, II, 155; interstate, II, 55,
67-70; smuggling, II, 53
Slocum, Webby, III, 362
Sluey, William, jury, trial Pittsburgh cordwainers, IV, 17
Small, William R, V, 334
Smalley, Ellis, land reformer, VIII, 26
Small-pox, I, 309
Smedley, A. B., delegate to Patrons of Husbandry, X, 100
Smelters, wages, VII, 48
Smelting furnaces: construction, II, 307; machinery, II, 309; man-
agement, II, 309
324 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Smith
Smith, — , History of New York, III, 275
Smith, A., delegate to New England Workingmen's Association,
VIII, no
Smith, Adam, mentioned, IX, 36; Wealth of Nations, I, 39; III,
151, 211, 214
Smith, Alexander, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 303
Smith, Bernard, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Smith, Chauncey C, printer, VIII, 344
Smith, D. J., factory operative, VIII, 201
Smith, Daniel C, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288
Smith, Daniel N., delegate to New England Industrial League,
VIII, 330
Smith, David M., association ist, VII, 248, 255
Smith, Edwin, master currier, V, 3 1 1
Smith, Francis, I, 352
Smith, Francis M., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 289
Smith, G. J., X, 85
Smith, George, defendant, trial of Twenty Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 315, 319, 326; VI, 44, 175
Smith, George E., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 270
Smith, Gerrit: attack of George Henry Evans, VII, 352-356, 358-
362, 362-364; delegate to Industrial Congress, VIII, 26; gifts
of land, VII, 364, footnote; land reform policy, VII, 357-358;
Life of Gerrit Smith, see Frothingham (O. B.) ; nominated for
president, VIII, 21
Smith, H. S., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 337
Smith, Havilah M., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 287, 338
Smith, J. J., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
337
Smith, Dr. J. McCune, delegate to Convention of Colored People,
VII, 96
Smith, James, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 258
Snyder] INDEX 335
Smith, Joel W., witness, trial Thompsonville Weaver*, IV, Supp.,
56; VII, 241
Smith, John, defendant, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 18, 28.
33, 34. 47; IV, Supp., 48, 77-78; VI, 197, 20a
Smith, John A., delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VIII, 317. 3i8, 319. 321, 323. 324. 325, 326
Smith, Johnson, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 175, 203
Smith, Jonas, letters, I, 309-312
Smith, Joseph, delegate to United Trade Society, Baltimore, V, 82 ;
VI, 108
Smith, L. Ward, nominee for judge, New York, VIII, 326
Smith, Ransom, land reformer, VIII, 25
Smith, Reuben, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 300
Smith, Robert, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
137, 220
Smith, S. N. J., delegate to Pittsburgh Workingmen's Convention,
VIII, 331
Smith, Samuel, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
221
Smith, Theodore Clarke, Liberty and Free Soil Parties, VIII, 21,
footnote
Smith, Thomas, witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
78-79
Smith, William B., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 219, 260, 293, 3i8, 337; VI, 237; VIII, 302
Smolniker, A. B., association ist, VII, 188
Smyth, Capt. Ellison, acknowledgments to, I, 21
Snedecker, P., delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
312
Snell, J., delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature, VIII,
3i6
Snellbaker, David S., delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 265,
266, 267, 269, 270, 274, 276, 297, 299, 304
Snodgrass, J. E., land reformer, VIII, 28
Snowden, Yates, acknowledgments to, I, 103
Snyder, — , delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 387
Snyder, Francis, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
326 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Snyder
Snyder, George, defendant, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III,
62, 66, 219
Snyder, Henry J. W., juror, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 279, 312
Snyder, Simon, Jr., communication on small notes, V, 48
Socialism: alliance with eight-hour leagues, IX, 46; delegates to
convention of associationists, VII, 201-202; Horace Greeley's
socialism, VII, 25 ; International Workingmen's Association, IX,
44, 45 ; philosophy of organization, III, 28 ; Social Party of New
York, IX, 351 ; see also International Workingmen's Associa-
tion, United Workers of America
Socialist e j Le, I, 25
Social Party of New York, IX, 351
Social Reform Association, VIII, 93, 288; see also Labor reform
associations
Social Reform League, VIII, 294 ; see also Labor reform associations
Society for the Promotion of Knowledge and Industry, V, 238
Soil: fertility, I, 89; fertilization, I, 209-212; influence, I, 74;
waste, I, 131
Solis, Frederic, delegate to General Convention of Trades, Boston,
VI, 91
Sombart, W., Der Moderne Kapitalismus, cited, III, 23
Somerville, Thomas, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 289, 301, 302
Sonders, Casper, master cordwainer, III, 105
Sorge, F. A: biography, IX, 351, 352; founder of International
Labor Union, IX, 30; International Workingmen's Associa-
tion, American secretary, IX, 366, 375 ; manuscript, IX, 373 ;
member, IX, 46, footnote; National Labor Union, resolutions,
IX, 339 ; tariff policy, IX, 265 ; see also Brief e und Auszuge
aus Brief en
Souper, Thomas E., agent American Emigrant Company, IX, 79,
80
South : farms, distribution of, I, 93 ; land abundant, I, 73 ; society,
industrial, I, 321, 322
South Carolina: Charleston, founded, I, 80; immigration, II, 108;
Memorial of Citizens, II, 103-116; freedmen, II, 107; slave
conspiracy, II, 103-116; crops killed, II, 274; Description of,
II, 174-176; emigration, I, 82; freedmen, II, 105-166; frontier,
Spinning] INDEX 327
Ii 8a; geology, II, 307, 308; immigration, I, 80, 85; II, 176;
indigo introduced, I, 265, 266; industrial development, I, 89;
insurrections, 11. 115; lands, II, 305; lowlands monopolized by
planters, I, 84; madder, II, 273; malaria, I, 81 ; pine barrens, I,
82; plantation records, I, 115, 122, 309; Report of the A pi-
cultural Survey, I, 290; rice, I, 258-265; staples, I, 81 ; type of
plantation, I, 81; uplands, I, 89; vegetables, II, 273; wheat,
II, 273; see also Piedmont, Plantation
South Carolina Gazette, The, cited, II, 51, 273
South Carolina State Gazette, The, cited, I, 307, 323, 347
Southern Banner, The, cited, II, 180, 234, 252, 336, 358, 360,
372, 376
Southern Watchman, The, cited, II, 1 16
S pack in an, Dr. — , VI, 44
Spalding, James, planter, I, 269
Spalding, Thomas, letter, I, 260-271
Spaniards, I, 348
Spargo, John, Karl Marx: His Life and Work, IX, 44, footnote
Spartan Band, VIII, 91
Spaulding, George H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX,
128, 137, 141
Speakman, John, land reformer, VIII, 26
Speculation: report of National Trades' Union, VI, 291-293 ; town
lots, II, 262; see also Negroes
Spence, Christopher, delegate to Trades' Union Convention of
District of Columbia, VI, 135
Spence, Thomas, land policy, VII, 29, 32, 321-322
Spencer, Matthias F., delegate to New York General Trades'
Union, V, 230, 237, 248, 264, 267, 284, 298
Spencer, William, carpenter, II, 371
Spencer, W. H., mechanic, II, 368
Spenser, Edmund, State of Ireland, cited, III, 291
Sperry, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 257
Spikemakers, see Trade unions
Spinners, wages: II, 316; VII, 541 woolen, IX, 1 99 ; see also Trade
unions
Spinning: I, 187-189, l9l-*93» 231, 3345 H, 316; »ee also Cotton,
Wool
328 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Spirit
Spirit of Seventy-Six, The, cited, II, 347
Spirit of the Age, cited, VII, 263-273, 282-284; VIII, 274-285
Spofford, — , delegate to New England Workingmen's Associa-
tion, VIII, 93
Spottswood, Alexander, letter, I, 186-188
Sprague, Hon. William, IX, 76, 232
Sprague, Wooster, delegate to New England Industrial League,
VIII, 330
Sprainger, Peter R., plaintiff, trial New York Cordwainers, III,
256
Spratt, L. W., letter, II, 176
Spring, Marcus, associationist, VII, 205
Springfield Republican, cited, V, 189; IX, 84
Spring Garden Mechanics, see Trade unions
Sprinkle, — , delegate to Pittsburgh Workingmen's Convention,
VIII, 332
Staginus, John, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Standard of living: IX, 147; see also Steward (Ira)
Standford, Thomas H., VI, 109, 111
Stanley, Henry, member American Emigrant Company, IX, 75
Stanley, J. C, chairman agrarian committee of fifty, V, 149
Stansbury, Lemuel, associationist, VII, 248
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, delegate to National Labor Union, IX,
197, 198, 219, 223
Stanton, Henry B., nominee for comptroller, New York, VIII, 326
Staples: devotion to, I, 283-292; see also Rice, Cotton, Tobacco,
Plantation system, Sugar, Indigo
Starke, Rudolph, member International Workingmen's Associa-
tion, IX, 354, 359, 366
Starks, Nathan, associationist, VII, 201
State Central Organizations : California - Mechanics' State Coun-
cil, IX, 231, 259, 270; Illinois - Social and Political Union,
IX, 258; State Anti- Monopoly Association, IX, 170; State
Workingmen's Convention, IX, 169; Indiana -State Labor
Union, IX, 197, 259; Kansas- State Labor Union, IX,
228, 257, 258 ; Massachusetts - State Central Organization of
the Industrial Order of the People, IX, 191 ; State Labor Union,
Steward] INDEX 329
IX, 258; Michigan - State Labor Union, IX, 198; Missouri-
State Labor Union, IX, 259, 270; Workingmen's Union, IX,
197; New York - Workingmen's Assembly, IX, 191; add re**
of the International Workingmen's Association, IX, 352; con*
vention, IX, 355; resolutions, IX, 358; Workingmen's Asso-
ciation, IX, 258; Ohio- State Labor Union, IX, 270; Penn-
sylvania - Central Labor Union, IX, 228; Virginia - Agricul-
tural Labor Association, IX, 257; see also Hours of Labor,
Grand Eight Hour Leagues
State of Ireland, see Spenser (Edmund)
Steamboat: construction, II, 356-357; durability, VII, 58
Steam-boiler makers, see Boiler makers, Trade unions
Steamships: influence, I, 151 ; see also Immigration: transportation
Steele, Hugh, witness, Thompson vi lie Weavers, IV, Supp., 44-45
Steele, John, planter, II, 209
Steele, Silas S., cordwainer, V, 56
Steele, Thomas C, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, VI.
67, 69
Steffen, F., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII,
301
Steffens, — , address, VIII, 308
Stein, Henrie, Bibliographie generate des Cartularies franc ais ou
relatifs a thistoire de France, cited, I, 27
Steners, J., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VI 1 1 .
289
Stephens, A. V., printer, VI, 353
Stephens, John, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 287
Stephens, M., plumber, IX, 126
Stephens, Uriah S., founder Knights of Labor, IX, 49; X, 19, 25
Stepney, Cowell, member International Workingmen's Associa-
tion, IX, 341
Stevens, Isaac A., delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 358,
374
Stevens, William, VI, 44
Stevenson, A. B., land reformer, VIII, 26
Steward, B. F., association ist, VII, 242, 245
Steward, Ira: member of International Labor Union, IX, 352;
330 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Steward
Steward, Ira (continued) —
member of International Workingmen's Association, IX, 46,
footnote; philosophy contrasted with Henry George, IX, 28-
30; contrasted with George Gunton, IX, 27, footnote) con-
trasted with Karl Marx, IX, 24-26, 29; importance, IX, 24, 31,
277-278; origin, IX, 30-31 ; success, IX, 32; The Power of the
Cheaper over the Dearer, IX, 306-329 ; A Reduction of Hours
an Increase of Wages, IX, 284-301 ; resolutions, IX, 279-283,
302-305
Stewart, — , cordwainer, IV, 49
Stewart, Alexander (Andrew?) T., delegate to New York Gen-
eral Trades' Union, V, 271, 274, 289, 298; IX, 207
Stewart, Charles, weaver, IV, Supp., 35, 40, 46, 47, 84
Stewart, Ethelbert, agent of United States Bureau of Labor, VI, 312
Stewart, John, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI, 144
Stewart, Thomas S., master carpenter, VI, 54
Stewart, William H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 127,
136, 137, 141, 190
Stiebeling, George, member International Workingmen's Associa-
tion, IX, 366
Stiles, John, mechanic, II, 370, footnote
Stiles, Joseph, mechanic, II, 370, footnote
Stillman, E. A., associationist, VII, 248, 255, 259
Stillwell, Silas M., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 270
Stilwell, Joseph, carpenter, II, 371
Stinson, Samuel, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 225
Stock, Adam, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169, 175
Stocker, William S., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 197,
205
Stock raising, I, 246; II, 253-254; VII, 66
Stockton, Aaron W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196,
230
Stockton, Philip N., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196
Stockwell, John, printer, VI, 347, 348, 349, 350
Stoddard, Herman, defendant, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 277
Stoft, Jacob, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
Strikes] INDEX 331
Stokes, Anthony, View 0/ the Constitution of the British Colonies,
II, 165
Stokes, William, master cordwainrr, III, 105
Stone, Alfred H., acknowledgments to, I, 103
Stone, furnaces, II, 307
Stone, H. J., delegate to New England Workingmen's Association,
VIII, 108, no
Stone, Hon. James M., VIII, 151, 186
Stone cutters: V, 255 ; society, VIII, 302 ; strike, V, 242, 244, 245 ;
VI, 73; see also Trade unions
Store order system, V, 28; VIII, 219; IX, 122
Storey, C. A., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Storey, C. W., clerk, VIII, 151
Storey, J. W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128, 132
Storey, Joseph C, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 231
Storms, Mrs. — , VIII, 228
Storms, Abram, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 177
Stout, Elisha, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 257
Stovall, John W., manuscript, I, 112
Stove makers, see Trade unions
Stow, David, VIII, 239
Strahane, David, journal, II, 292-293
Stratton, William P., printer, VI, 353
Straughn, Samuel L., letter, I, 324-325
Straw bonnets, see Hatters
Strebeck, John, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
144, 145, 153, 155. 156, 163
Street, John, carpenter, II, 371
Strikes: bakers, II, 343*344; benefit, III, 83-85, 122; V, 349. 350,
352, 377, 378, 379, 384, 386, 388; VI, 155, I59-I6I. 162; book-
binders, V, 327-328; carpenters, V, 83-84, 203, 208-209, 3*8:
VI, 73; carpet weavers, IV, Supp.% 65, 73, 75, 89; cause. III.
87; V, 34; children, V, 63, 65, 66; VI, 43J comb makers, V,
354; cordwainers, III, 64-65, 117-118, 249; IV, 27, 30-32; V,
240-241, 246, 354; VI, 40; curriers, VI, 185; dockworkers,
VIII, 213; effect, III, 32; general, VII, 27; gilders, V, 379;
"green hands," III, 53; hand loom weavers, VIII, 221 ; hatters.
332
AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Strikes
Strikes (continued) —
V, 355; VI, 153, 154. 155-156; IX, 59; hours, V, 63-66, 75,
83-85, 205; VI, 39-43, 50-52, 76-77, 153, 154, 155, 156; VIII,
81; horse-shoers, V, 244; laborers, VI, 40; VIII, 226; leather
dressers, V, 352-353; longshoremen, VI, 40; loss to masters, III,
101 ; marble workers, VI, 114; masons, VI, 73; object, III, 86;
Philadelphia, V, 326-328; picketing, IV, Supp., 65, 73, 75;
plantation, II, 183; policy of National Labor Union, IX, 155-
156; plasterers, VI, 73; printers, V, 231, 327; relation of pub-
lic land, V, 46-47; rope makers, V, 231; shoemakers, III, 37,
41, 217-218; IV, 65; V, 240, 242; stone cutters, V, 242; VI,
73; success, IV, 93, 144, 175, 315; V, 286-289; VII, 65; VIII,
279-281 ; tailors, V, 353 ; unskilled labor, V, 26; wages, V, 205 ;
VII, 231; VIII, 221, 225, 279-281; weavers, IV, 271; IV,
Supp., 31-32, 42; carpet, IV, Supp., 65, 73, 75, 89; hand loom,
V, 280; VI, 40; VIII, 221; women, V, 380; VI, 43; see also
various trades, National Labor Union, National Trades' Union,
Conspiracy Trials
Strikers, Communists, Tramps and Detectives, see Pinkerton
Stroud, Thomas, delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 175
Struthers, John, VI, 44
Stuart, D., counsel, trial Baltimore Weavers, IV, 272
Stuart, G. W., delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VIII, 322, 324, 325
Stuart, James, delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VIII, 316, 317
Stubbs, W. L., printer, VII, 131
Stump, John F., VI, 44
Stumpf, Henry, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
Sturgeon, Samuel, weaver, IV, Supp., 31, 32, 65, 69, 77, 90
Sturgis, Peter, master cordwainer, III, 105
Sturtevant, J. D., association ist, VII, 205
Styles, Henry, delegate to New England Workingmen's Associa-
tion, VIII, 107
Stywold, W. H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 230, 261
Suffrage: extension, V, 26; relation to free schools, V, 27-28; re-
lation to short hour movement, V, 27; universal opposed, V, 154,
163-164
Sylvis] INDEX
313
Sugar: boiling, I, 222-228, 281282; Barbadoes, I, 79; cane-grind-
ing, I, 219; introduction, I, 86; matlay, I, 215, 221, footnote;
machinery, VII, 303, footnote; planting, II, 135; ratoons, I,
282; varieties, I, 214, footnote; plantation, description, I, 256-
258; gang labor, I, 90; typical, I, 80, 92; price, II, 194; pro-
duction, advantage of large scale, I, 92; effect, I, 79
Suicide, slave, II, 94
Sullivan, Daniel, overseer, II, 315
Sumner, Hon. Charles, IX, 76
Sumner, Helen L., editor Documentary History of American In-
dustrial Society, I, 22, 23; III, 17; V, 19-37
Sunday work, V, 327
Supreme Court, decision, IV, 289, 301, 311
Surtees Society, I, 20
Surveying, II, 222-223
Surveyors, II, 239
Sutherland, Hon. J., VIII, 67
Sutherland, J., Jr., district attorney, IV, 277, 279
Sutton, W. H., delegate to Chinese Labor Convention, IX, 84
Swain, Julias G., delegate to Trades' Union Convention of Dis-
trict of Columbia, VI, 130, 138
Swartz, John, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Association, VIII,
337
Swazey, G. W., association ist, VII, 205
Sweeney, Neil, juror, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 61
Sweet potatoes, I, 195-203
Swegels, O. J., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 171, 194
Sweney, Daniel, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
145, 158
Sylvis, Benjamin F., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 270
Sylvis, James C, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 230, 261,
270, 272, 337
Sylvis, William H : National Labor Union, committee member, IX,
188, 194, 205; delegate, IX, 170, 171, 197; demand for Bureau
of Labor, IX, 224-225; eulogy, IX, 231 ; financial policy, IX,
206, 216-218; monument proposed, IX, 244; on admission of
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, IX, 198; on delegate to International
Workingmen's Association, IX, 334; on immigration, IX, 223;
334 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Sylvis
Sylvis, William H. (continued) —
on negro labor, IX, 187 ; on strikes, IX, 220; president, IX, 227 ;
relation to International Workingmen's Association, IX, 240-
243; report of president, IX, 231-232; report on public lands,
IX, 188-190; president of Molders' International Union, IX, 89
Symmes, see Sims (James)
Tabers, Azer, nominee for Attorney General, New York, VIII,
326
Tailors: advertisement, II, 353; benefit fund, IV, 159; "bespoke
work," VII, 66; "Coffin handbill," V, 317; conspiracy, IV, 59;
V, 36 (see also Conspiracy trials) ; cooperation, VIII, 285 ; de-
mand on frontier, I, 340; II, 174, 349; employers' association,
VI, 314-315; goods classified, IV, 142-143; German, VIII, 308-
309; grievances, V, 320-322 ; journeymen - injustice to, IV, 144,
145; charges against union, IV, 241-243; obligation to join
union, IV, 141, 175; pitcher rule, IV, 175, 177; rules, IV, 140,
141, 175, 177, 218, 256-257, 316; scab labor, IV, I95-I97J
society - Boston Tailors' Associative Union, constitution, VIII,
281-285; preamble, VIII, 279-281; master tailors, V, 314-315,
317 ; New York Association, VIII, 309 ; Protective society, VIII,
342; trade union society, IV, 319; V, 206; resolutions of mas-
ters, V, 314; strike, IV, 144, 175; V, 286-289, 353; VII, 65;
VIII, 279-281; wages, IV, 152, 252, footnote, 269, 270; V,
206, footnote; VII, 48, 65; VIII, 297; women, VII, 65; see
also Conspiracy trials
Taite, William, I, 353
Tallow chandlers, see Trade unions
Talmage, C. M., member International Industrial Assembly, IX,
128
Tammany: control of city, V, 36, 37 ; nomination of Ely Moore, V,
204
Tanner, J., member Mechanics' Mutual Protection, New York,
VIII, 250
Tanners: advice to immigrants, VII, 65 ; scarcity, II, 175
Tanning, plantation industry, I, 129, 188
Tariff: British, VII, 56; credit system, V, 162; effect, I, 40; VI,
222; VII, 143; IX, 56
Tennessee] INDEX 335
Tarlton, Hannah, factory operative, VIU, 118
Task labor, sec Slar e labor
Tate, John, trial, V, 67
Taxation: collector, II, 191; educational, V, 27; equal demand-
ed, V, 30; exemption, V, 153 ; support of paupers, VII, 76; Vir-
ginia, II, 30; IX, 178-179
Taylor, — , delegate to New England Workingmen's Convention,
VIII, 94
Taylor, Daniel B., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 225, 285, 289
Taylor, G. P., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169
Taylor, James, weaver, IV, Supp., 33
Taylor, James, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI, 1 52,
162
Taylor, Mark P., delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 265
Taylor, Oliver H., plaintiff, trial New York Cordwainers, III,
256, 362
Taylor, Richard, delegate to Baltimore Union Trade Society, VI,
"3
Taylor, Roland, juror, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
16
Taylor, Thomas, member Mechanics' Union, V, 94
Taylor, William, defendant, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV,
Supp., 15, 16, 17,31,32,33.35,41.65.69,75.90, 126; IV, 313;
V, 311, 312
Taylorson, Robert, master cordwainer, III, 105
Teamsters, demand for, II, 348; wages, II, 306
Telfair, Alexander, planter, I, 126-129, 330; II, 39, 85
Telfair, Margaret, planter, II, 154
Telfair, Mary, planter, I, 192-193, 313, 330
Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences, I, 191 ; II, 39
Telfair estate, plantation records, I, 191-193, 313-3*5. 330-336
Temperance, work of reformers, VIII, 24
Temple, H., IX, 257
Tennessee: Cotton-Port founded, II, 263-267; diversified industry,
I, 90; economic conditions, I, 90; fertilization, I, 256; frontier,
I, 84; manufactures, II, 301; pioneers, I, 84, 185; poor hus-
bandry, I, 256, "Western Waters," I, 84
336 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Tenn.
Tennessee Gazette and Mero District Advertiser, The, II, 87, 328,
349
Tennessee Herald, The, cited, II, 263
Tennessee Weekly Chronicle, The, cited, II, 243
Territory of Florida, The, see Williams (John L.)
Texan Advocate, The, cited, II, 257
Texas: Austin, II, 251; canard, II, 254; crime, II, 120; fertility
of soil, II, 253; fever, II, 254; geology, II, 256; immigration,
II, 257; Indians, II, 25025 1; insect pests, II, 255; Mexicans,
II, 254; plantation system, I, 87; slave labor, II, 250; social
conditions, II, 252-254; type of pioneer, II, 255-256
Textiles: domestic manufactures, II, 314-330; factory system, II,
330-336; records of operations in George Washington's weaving
establishment, II, 321-325; relation of capital and labor, II, 337-
341; slave labor, II, 314-315; see also Cotton, Factory system,
Spinners, Weavers, Wool, etc.
Textile workers, see Weavers
Thayer, John Quincy Adams, VIII, 133, 139
Things as they are in America, see Chambers (William)
Thirty Years of Labor, see Powderly (T. V.)
Thirty Years' Review, see Benton (Thomas H.)
Thomas, — , VIII, 151
Thomas, David, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
164
Thomas, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128
Thomas, John H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229, 240
Thomas, Hon. Salmon, VIII, 186
Thomason, John, member Mechanics' Union, V, 94
Thomburgh, James T., delegate to Pittsburg Workingmen's Con-
vention, VIII, 331
Thompson, Andrew, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
Thompson, David, weaver, VIII, 239
Thompson, Henry, plaintiff, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV,
Supp., 23-29, 32, 41, 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 56-58, 59-63, 67-74, 78,
89-91, 93, 95, 99, 103-106, no, 119
Thompson, J., justice of peace ( ?), IV, 119
Thompson, J. W., association ist, VIII, 44
Thomson] INDEX 337
Thompson, James, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 264, 276
Thompson, John, master cordwainer, III, 105, 127-129; IV, Supp.,
87-88; V, 123, 357; VI, 270
Thompson, Joseph: National Trades' Union, committee member,
VI, 246, 269; delegate, VI, 229, 268; resolutions, VI, 248-249;
trade union policy, VI, 248 ; New York General Trades' Union,
committee member, V, 281 ; delegate, V, 250, 264, 276; resolu-
tions of Hand Loom Weavers' Association, VI, 341-342
Thompson, Orrin, plaintiff, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV,
Supp., 70, 75, 96, 108
Thompson, Robert, plaintiff, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV,
Supp., 56, 88
Thompson, Samuel C: National Trades' Union, committee mem-
ber, VI, 237. 243-244, 269, 277 ; delegate, V, 383; VI, 265, 316;
member Board of Commissioners, VI, 243; motions, VI, 250,
270; report on Prison labor, VI, 243-244; Philadelphia General
Trades' Union, committee member, V, 358, 382; VI, 69; corre-
sponding secretary, V, 374; resolutions, V, 358; trade union pol-
icy, V, 67
Thompson, Hon. Waddy, VI, 186, 187
Thompson, William: Carpenters' National Union, call for con-
vention, VI, 336; committee member, VI, 337; president, Phil-
adelphia union, VI, 336; National Trades' Union, committee
member, VI, 229, 235, 237, 240-242, 259-263, 267, 269, 274,
276, 298-299; delegate, V, 382, 383 ; VI, 265 ; motions, VI, 228,
245, 266, 273; report on cooperation, VI, 298-299; resolutions,
VI, 238, 249, 257, 268; trade union policy, VI, 240-242, 249;
views on female labor, VI, 257-258 ; Philadelphia Trades' Un-
ion, address, VI, 46; agent, election, V, 359, 370; report, V,
373 ; chairman, V, 372 ; committee member, V, 349, 377. 385 1
constitutional amendment proposed, V, 350; president, VI, 376;
resolutions, V, 354. 357-358
Thompsonville Manufacturing Company: boarding houses, IV,
Supp., 57, 63, 79; rules, IV, Supp., 56, 1 18-1 19; «e al*> Con-
spiracy trials
Thomson, William, Tradesman's Travels in the United States. II,
362
338
AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Three
Three Years Among the Working Classes in the United States, IX,
55-56
Thurber, William H., delegate to New York State Industrial Leg-
islature, VI, 318
Thurmond, Richard, II, 93
Tice, William, delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VI, 318, 320, 324
Tichener, Isaac, carpenter, II, 371
Tilby, John, manufacturer ( ?), V, 63
Tillage, see Agriculture
Tillotson, Ira, land reformer, VIII, 27
Tillou, William G., secretary agrarian meeting, V, 154
Tilters, Ben, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 258
Tilton, Theodore, IX, 75
Timms, Benjamin D., land reformer, VIII, 25
Tin and sheet iron workers, see Trade unions
Tinker, F. C, IX, 261
Titeman, Henry, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 247
Toaspern, H., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Tobacco: cultivation, I, 111-112; depressions in industry, I, 76, 83,
186-188; II, 213; effect of discovery, I, 75; fitness for routine
methods, I, 76; industry extended, I, 77; Louisiana, II, 246;
merchants, I, 283 ; mismanagement, I, 326-328 ; plantation equip-
ment, I, 245-251; production, I, 92, 208-214; VIII, 344; rec-
ords, I, 109-112, 130, 131, 186-191, 208-214, 245-252, 296-298,
321-325, 326-330; rules, I, 109-112; returns uncertain, I, 282,
285 ; routine work, I, 208-214; slave labor, I, 88 ; South Carolina,
II, 273; suspension of cultivation, I, 355; types of plantation,
I. 93. 245-251 ; use as money, II, 171, 288 ; Virginia, II, 170-171
Tobacco pipe makers, see Trade unions
Tobago, Coromantins, II, 128
Tobitt, J. M., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 303
Todd, Attorney-general — , IV, 339
Todd, John, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
223; VI, 197
Trades'] INDEX 339
Toedt, John C, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII. 288, 300
Tomlinson, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 170,
175. 197
Tool makers, advice to immigrants, VII, 65
Tools, manufacture, VII, 58
Topp, Julius, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 195
Torboss, Isaac, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Torrence, Hugh, weaver, IV, Supp., 3a, 90, 107
Totman, William, delegate to New England Workingmen's Asso-
ciation, VIII, no
Tourelle, Fred, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
Tour in Virginia, A, cited, II, 55
Town Gazette & Farmers' Register, cited, II, 45, 79, 301
Townsend, John B., delegate to Albany General Trades' Union,
VI, 157, 158
Townsend, Robert, Jr: National Trades' Union, committee mem-
ber, VI, 209; delegate, VI, 197 ; motion, VI, 210; nominated for
vice president, VI, 204; political policy, VI, 211, 214, 215; reso-
lutions, VI, 195, 198-199, 202, 202-204; views on female labor,
VI, 220; New York General Trades' Union, committee member,
V, 215, 219, 307-308; delegate, V, 220; president mass meeting,
V, 318 ; trade agreement policy, V, 307-308
Townsend, S. J., advertisement, II, 163-164
Townsend, Tappan, association ist, VII, 206
Tracey, Samuel S., delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
152, 158
Trade: Indian, I, 73, 80; disadvantages to United States, VII, 56;
local, I, 300; London, I, 83, 283, 296-298; southern, I, 299;
see also National Labor Union, Patrons of Husbandry, Transpor-
tation
Trade agreement: bakers, V, 307-308; cigarmakcrs, VIII. 345;
hours of labor, VIII, 208; remedy for oppression, V, 307-308
Trades' assemblies: Albany - General Trades' Union, call for con-
vention, VI, 140-143; officers, VI, 145; organization, V, 239;
VI, 25, 73, 145, footnote', origin, VI, 74; preliminary meetings,
VI, 139-140, I43-U5; proceedings, VI, 145-174! miscellaneous,
340 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Trades'
Trades' assemblies (continued) —
V, 230, 239, 243, 246, 250, 265; VI, 74. H5; Baltimore -
Trades' Assembly, IX, 126, 128; Union Trade Society, address
to workingmen, VI, 109-111 ; condition, VI, 111-113; organiza-
tion, V, 25, 73, 108-109; origin, VI, 74; proceedings, VI, 113-
115; Black River Falls, Wis. - Workingmen's Union and Inde-
pendent Order of Friendship, IX, 197; Boston - Trades'
Assembly, address of Machinists' and Blacksmiths' Union, IX,
279-283 ; eight-hour resolution, IX, 282-283 ; Trades' Union of
Boston and Vicinity, admission of employers, VI, 92-94; call for
convention, VI, 87-90; organization, VI, 25, 73; Workingmen's
Assembly, IX, 128; Workingmen's Institute, IX, 197; Chicago -
German Workingmen's Association, IX, 128, 171; German
Workingmen's Protective and Benefit Society, IX, 230; Trades'
Assembly, IX, 127, 169, 171, 196; Cincinnati - Labor Assembly,
IX, 258, 259; Trades' Assembly, IX, 170, 197; Trades' Union,
letter, VI, 127; organization, VI, 73, 75; proposed, VIII, 221-
223; Detroit, Mi c h. - Trades' Assembly, IX, 170; District of
Columbia - Trades' Union, organization, VI, 74; Louisville,
Ky. -Trades' Assembly and League of Friendship, IX. 1 18-120,
170; Trades' Union, organization, VI, 73, 75, 127 ; proposal for
national Trades' Union, VI, 130; New Albany, Ind. -Trades'
Assembly, IX, 127; New Brunswick, N.J. - Trades' Union,
organization, VI, 73, 75 ; New Haven, Ct. - Trades' Union, IX,
127 ; New York City — Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
336-346; Arbeiter Union, IX, 259, 354; Central Commission of
the United States, VIII, 288; General Trades' Union, "Amer-
ican System," V, 209-211; constitution, V, 215-218, 226, 228-
230, 236, 246, 248, 267, 269, 276-278, 297, 378, 380; convention,
call, V, 203, 212-214; preliminary meeting, V, 214-215; mass
meeting, V, 303, 318; membership, IV, 332; organization, VI,
88 ; origin, V, 203 ; proceedings, V, 218-303, 304-308 ; procession,
V, 203, 260-264; recommended, VII, 308; strikes supported, V,
205, 206 ; New York City Industrial Congress, constitution, VIII
290-296; delegates, VIII, 287-289, 300-303; societies represent-
ed, VIII, 285; Workingmen's Union, IX, 128, 169, 195, 228;
Newark, N.J. -General Trades' Union, constitution, VI, 176;
letter, VI, 126; organization, VI, 25, 73; proceedings, VI, 175-
Trade] INDEX 341
187; miscellaneous, V, 240, 242, 250, 252, 260; Norfolk. V*.-
Mrchanics' Association, IX, 127 ; Norwich. Ct. - Trades' Astern*
bly, IX, 170, 196; Pennsylvania Trade*' Union, V, 325, 329-
330, 335-3371 Philadelphia -General Trades' Union, address
to mechanics, V, 339-341 I argument favoring. VI, 59-62; attack
of employers, VI, 50-55; Blnckley meeting, V, 329-330; com-
munication, VI, 256, 285; constitution, V, 326, 336, 342-348;
cooperation, VI, 58-65; delegates, VI, 25, 124; funds, V, 351,
353. 355 J VI, 63; growth, VI, 325-326; organisation, V, 325,
348-349; VI, 73; preliminary convention, V, 338-339; resolu-
tions, V, 329-330; strike benefit, V, 352*353 I supported by cord-
wainers, VI, 25, 27, 31-32; Mechanics' Association, IX, 229;
Mechanics' Union of Trade Associations, address to working-
men, V, 1 14-123; attitude of employers, V, 81-82; call for con-
vention, V, 80; political action, V, 90, 91-92, 93-94; preamble,
V, 84-90; report on education, V, 94-107; workingmen's con-
ventions, V, 328, 334; VI, 66, 191 ; Trades' Assembly, IX, 128;
Workingmen's Union, IX, 231; Pittsburgh, fa. -Trades'
Assembly, IX, 170; Trades' Union, organization, VI, 73 ; Work-
ingmen's Congress, VIII, 331-334; Rochester. N.Y. - Working-
men's Assembly of Monroe County, IX, 196; St. Louis, Mo. -
Trades' Union League, IX, 120; Workingmen's Union, IX,
127; San Francisco, Cat. - Mechanics' Council, IX, 258;
Schuylkill County, Pa. - Workingmen's Association, IX, 257;
Springfield, Mass. - Workingmen's Association, IX, 228; Syra-
cuse, N.Y. - Workingmen's Assembly, IX, 259; Washington.
D.C- Trades' Union - address to workingmen, VI, 116-119;
communication, V, 239; VI, 130; constitution, VI, 117-118, 121-
123; convention, VI, 119; "Hundred dollar law," VI, 127:
officers, VI, 127 ; organization, VI, 25, 73 ; proceedings, VI, 1 19-
138; Workingmen's Assembly, IX, 170, 230; Workingmen's
convention, IX, 127, 197; miscellaneous - nature, V, 22; object,
IX, 23, 153; organization, V, 20, 80-90; origin, V, 80; wage
policy, IX, 153-154
Trades' Council : definition, V, 21 ; see also Trades' assemblies
Tradesman's Travels in the United States, sec Thomson (William)
Trades' Union. The, established, V, 326
Trade unionism: hostility of press, V, 209-211; National Trades'
342 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Trade
Trade unionism (continued) —
Union report, VI, 294-297; policy of National Labor Union,
IX, 130, 152-154, 182; rise in England, V, 187; substitute for
political action, V, 187 ; see also Webb (S. and B.)
TRADE UNIONS : general - attitude toward, IV, 285-286 ; Brit-
ish, V, 22 ; cause of agitation, V, 33 } climax of movement, V, 36;
decline, V, 37; definition, V, 21 ; demand for national organiza-
tion, V, 32-33 ; employers' attitude, VI, 165 ; employers excluded,
V, 24; extension, V, 34; hindrances, IX, 152-154; history of
term, V, 21-22 ; master mechanics admitted, V, 24; movement, V,
36; numbers, VI, 191; objects, IX, 152-154; organization, V,
19; period of 1833, V, 31 ; printers, V, 20; shoemakers, V, 20;
typographical society, II, 376; union card, IV, 31 ; value, VI, 206
Locals : Albany, N.Y. — Carpenters' and Joiners' Union, IX,
196; Coach and Chaise Makers' Society, VI, 164, 165, 168;
Coach Makers' and Trimmers' Society, VI, 143 ; Coopers' So-
ciety, VI, 164, 168, 174; Cordwainers' Society, VI, 147, 148,
149, 163, 168, 170; Founders', Machinists' and Millwrights'
Society, VI, 144, 148, 149, 168; House Carpenters' Society, VI,
144, 146, 149, 168, 172; Painters' Union Society, VI, 143,
149, 166, 168, 174; Saddlers' and Harness Makers' Society, VI,
I39> 143, 144, 147, 149. 157. 164, 168; Ship Carpenters' Society,
VI, 144; Silver Platers' Society, VI, 144, 149, 150, 157, 168;
Stone Masons' Society, VI, 144, 163; Typographical Society,
VI, 143; Typographical Union, IX, 196; Union Journeymen
Tailors' Society, VI, 143, 144, 149, 165, 168, 170; Alexandria,
Va. - Cordwainers' Society, VI, 130, 138 ; Allentown, Pa. - Iron
Boilers' Union, IX, 197; Alton, III. — Iron Moulders' Union,
IX, 258 ; Augusta, Ga. - Iron Moulders' Union, IX, 127 ; Balti-
more, Md. - Blacksmiths', Engineers' and Machinists' Society,
VI, 108; Blacksmiths' Union, IX, 128; Bricklayers' Union, IX,
128, 196; Cabinet Makers' Society, VI, 108; Canmakers' Union,
IX, 128; Carpenters' Union, IX, 169; Carpet Weavers' So-
ciety, VI, 114; Caulkers' Trade Union Society, IX, 230; Chair-
makers' and Ornamental Painters' Society, VI, 108 ; Cigarmakers'
Union, IX, 230; Coach Makers' Society, VI, 108; Coopers'
Union, VI, 108; Coppersmiths' Society, VI, 108; Cordwainers'
Society (men's branch), VI, 108; Curriers' Association, IX,
Trade] INDEX 343
129; Engineers' Association, IX, 230; Harness Makers' Union,
IX, 128; Hatters' Society, VI, too, 101, 108, 114; House Car-
penters' Society, VI, 108, 1 15; House Carpenters' Union, IX,
129; House Painters' Union, IX, 128; Iron Moulders' Union,
IX, 128, 230; Journeymen Coopers' Union, IX, 128, 230; Jour-
neymen Curriers' Association, IX, 196; Journeymen Oak
Coopers' Union, IX, 230; Journeymen Shipwrights' Union, IX,
128; Journeymen Tailors' Society, VI, 108, 114; Ladies' Cord-
wainers' Society, VI, 108, 113, 114; Machinists' Union, IX,
128; Marble Stone Cutters' Society, VI, 108, 114; Millwrights'
Union, IX, 129; Moulders' Union Society, IX, 230; Operative
Masons' Benevolent Union, IX, 128; Painters' Society, VI, 108;
Plane Makers' Society, VI, 113; Pattern Makers' Union, IX,
128, 169; Printers' Society, IX, 230; Shipjoiners' Association,
IX, 129; Shipwrights' Union, IX, 129; Tin Plate and Sheet
Iron Workers' Society, VI, 108; Tobacconists' Society, VI, 108;
Typographical Society, VI, 108, 114; Wood Turners' Union,
IX, 128 ; Birmingham, Pa. - Hollow-ware Glass Blowers' Union,
IX, 170; Iron Boilers' Union, IX, 170; Window Glass-blowers'
Union, IX, 127, 170; Boston - Black and White Smiths' Society.
VI, 91 ; Bookbinders' Union, IX, 128; Cabinet and Piano Forte
Makers' Society, VI, 90; Cabinet Makers' Society, VIII, 327;
Coopers' Society, VI, 90; Curriers' Society, VI, 90; House Car-
penters' Society, VI, 91, 94; House Wrights' Society, VI, 251,
253, 257, 276, 279; Iron Founders' Society, VI, 90; Iron
Moulders' Union, IX, 128; Journeymen House Carpenters'
Association, V, 279; Machinists' Society, VIII, 326; Marble
Cutters' Association, IX, 127; Masons' Society, VI, 90; Me-
chanics' and Laborers' Association, VIII, 263; Printers' Society,
VI, 91 ; Printers' Union, VIII, 326; Rope Makers' Society, VI,
90; Sail Makers' Society, VI, 91 ; Seamstresses' Cooperative So-
ciety, VIII, 327 ; Ship Carpenters' and Caulkers' Society, VI, 83 ;
Ship Carpenters' Union, IX, 128; Shipwrights' Society, VI, 90;
Slaters' Union, VIII, 327; Tailors' Associative Union, consti-
tution, VIII, 281-285; preamble, VIII, 279-281; Tailors' So-
ciety, VI, 90; Brazil, Ind. - Miners' Association, IX, 258 ; Brook-
lyn, N.Y. - Bricklayers' Beneficial and Protective Union, IX,
127, 196; Cigar Makers' Union, IX, 229; Journeymen Tailors'
344 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Trade
Trade unions (continued) —
Society, V, 214, 224, 249, 250, 256, 277, 294; VI, 197, 202;
Masons' Laborers' Society, VIII, 303; Rope Makers' Society,
V, 227, 231, 265, 290, 298; Tailors' Union, IX, 229; Centralia,
III. - Carpenters' and Joiners' Union, IX, 169 ; Locomotive Engi-
neers' Union, IX, 169; Locomotive Firemen's Union, IX, 169;
Machinists' and Blacksmiths' Union, IX, 169; Charlestown,
Mass. - Boatbuilders' and Sparmakers' Union, IX, 228 ; Chester
Creek, Pa. - Chester Creek Association, V, 383 ; Chicago - Boot
and Shoemakers' Union, IX, 169; Bricklayers' Union, IX, 169,
230; Carriage Makers' Union, IX, 169; Cigarmakers' Union,
IX, 169; Coopers' Union, IX, 169; Iron Moulders' Union, IX,
258; Machinists' and Blacksmiths' Union, IX, 169; Painters'
Union, IX, 169; Plasterers' Union, IX, 169, 258; Sewing Girls'
Union, IX, 259 ; Ship Carpenters' and Caulkers' Union, IX, 171 ;
Stone Cutters' Union, IX, 169; Typographical Union, IX, 169,
196; Cincinnati - Cigarmakers' Union, VIII, 220; IX, 259;
Colored Teachers' Cooperative Association, IX, 259; Harness
Makers' Union, IX, 258; Iron Moulders' Union, IX, 257;
Knights of St. Crispin, IX, 257, 258; Machinists' and Black-
smiths' Union, IX, 258 ; Printers' Union, VIII, 220; Shoemakers'
Union, VIII, 220; Tailors' Union, VIII, 220; Typographical
Association, VI, 343 ; Typographical Union, IX, 257 ; Columbus,
Ga. - Iron Moulders' Union, IX, 230 ; Covington, Ky. - Iron
Moulders' Union, IX, 258; Knights of St. Crispin, IX, 257;
Danvers, Mass. - Knights of St. Crispin, IX, 228 ; Detroit -
Cigarmakers' Union, IX, 257; Harness Makers' Union, IX,
231, 258 ; Easton, Pa. - Carpenters' and Joiners' Union, IX, 197 ;
Fairmount, Pa. -Trade Association, V, 354, 355, 378, 379;
Georgetown, D.C. - Bricklayers' Society, VI, 138 ; United Trade
Society of Journeymen Cordwainers, VI, 128, 130, 133, 137,
138; Germantown, Pa. - Cordwainers' Society, V, 386, 388;
Hatters' Association, V, 350, 388 ; Hartford, Ct. - Carpenters'
and Joiners' Union, IX, 197; Typographical Union, IX, 197;
Hocking Valley, O. - Miners' Association, IX, 258 ; Hudson,
N.Y. - United Society of Journeymen Cordwainers, V, 375 ; VI,
166; Jersey City, N.J. - Bricklayers' and Plasterers' Union, IX,
197; Iron Moulders' Union, IX, 197; Kingston, N.Y. -Cigar-
Trade] INDEX 345
makers' Union, IX, 197; Knoxvillr. TV /in. - Iron Moulder*'
Union, IX, 230; LaSalle, III.- Miners' Union, IX, 196; Law
r.iurvillr. Pa. -Iron Moulders' Union. IX i\Q; LouirxtlU.
K\. Machinists' Union, IX, 257; Stone Masons' Union, IX,
257 ; Lowell. Mass. - Carpenters', Joiners' and Machinists'
Union, IX, 128; Lynn. Mass. - Daughters of St. Crispin, IX,
257; Female Society, VI, 91 ; Knights of St. Crispin, IX, 228;
Mutual Benefit Society of Cordwainers, VIII, 236; Manayunk.
Pa. - Paper Makers' Trade Society, V, 355; Mrlvilh. X I
Druggists' Glass Blowers' Union, IX, 229; Milwaukee. IVis.-
Iron Moulders' Union, IX, 231 ; Ship Carpenters' and Caulkers'
Union, IX, 171 ; Mobile, Ala. - Iron Moulders' Union, IX, 230;
Morrisania, Pa. - Bricklayers' Union, IX, 200; Mt. Vernon,
O. - Machinists' and Blacksmiths' Union, IX, 170; Nashville,
Tenn. - Iron Moulders' Union, IX, 230, 238; New Brunswick.
N.J. -Journeymen Cordwainers' Society, V, 251, 282, 289, 290,
297, 298, 299; New Haven, Ct. - Carpenters' and Joiners',
Union, IX, 170, 258; New Orleans - Typographical Associa-
tion, VI, 348 ; New York City - Amalgamated Society of Car-
penters and Joiners, IX, 196; Associated Hand Loom Weavers,
V, 250, 254, 264, 276, 281 ; VI, 229, 341 ; Associated Silk Hat-
ters, VI, 197; Bakers' Benevolent and Trade Society, IX, 195;
Bakers' Trade Union Society, V, 214, 215, 223, 303; VI, 97;
Barbers' Union, IX, 229; Benevolent Society of Saddlers, VIII.
294; Blank-Book Binders' Protective Union, IX, 128; Block and
Pump Makers' Society, V, 227 ; VIII, 302 ; Bookbinders* Pocket-
book and Paper-box Makers' Union, VIII, 288, 300; Boot and
Shoemakers' Working Union, VIII, 287; Bootmakers' Society,
VIII, 302; Brass Founders' and Finishers' Union, IX. 197;
Brick and Stone Masons' Society, VIII, 301 ; Bricklayers' and
Plasterers' Protective Association, VIII, 287, 293. 295. 3°l I
Bricklayers' Union, IX, 195, 196, 257; Bnishmakers' Society,
V, 225, 265, 276, 286, 296; VI, 197. 229; VIII. 288, 301;
Button and Fringemakers' Society, VIII, 302; Cabinet Makers'
Society, V, 214, 215, 220, 232, 234. 235. 237, 238, 247. 259.
281, 299, 300; Cabinet Makers' Union, VIII, 287, 301: IX.
169; Carpenters' and Joiners' Union, IX, 196, 229; Carpenters'
Bloomingdale Union, VIII, 287 ; Cartmen's Society, VIII. 302;
346 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Trade
Trade unions (continued) —
Carvers' and Gilders' Society, V, 214, 215; Chairmakers' So-
ciety, VIII, 302; Chairmakers' and Gilders' Society, V, 223, 275,
281, 294, 299; Chronopress Printers' Society, VIII, 288; Cigar-
makers' Labor Union, IX, 232; Cigarmakers' Union, VIII, 288,
301; IX, 196, 229; Confectioners' Society, VIII, 302; Coopers'
Protective Union, VIII, 288, 300; Coopers' Society, V, 214, 215 ;
Cordwain Boot and Shoemakers' Society, VIII, 342; Cord-
wainers' Protective Society, VIII, 287 ; Curriers' Society, V, 234,
235, 250, 256, 265, 289, 290, 294, 300; Dry Goods Clerks' So-
ciety, VIII, 303 ; Dyers' Union, VIII, 301 ; Framers' Union,
IX, 229; Gas and Steam Fitters' Association, IX, 195; German
Piano Makers' Association, IX, 196; German Varnishers' and
Polishers' Association, IX, 169, 195, 229; Gilders' Society, VIII,
303; Gold and Silver Artisans' and Manufacturing Jewellers'
Society, VIII, 288; Granite Stone Cutters' Association, VI, 197;
Grocers' Clerks' Society, VIII, 302; Hat Finishers' Trade Asso-
ciation, VIII, 341 ; House Carpenters' Society, V, 220, 224, 237,
239, 249, 279, 280, 282; Housesmiths' M[utual?] Protective?]
Association, IX, 195; Iron Moulders' Union, VIII, 288, 300;
IX, 229; Journeymen Bookbinders' Society, V, 214, 215, 254;
VI, 196; Journeymen Chairmakers' Society, VI, 196; Journey-
men Cordwainers of the City of New York, VII, 307 ; Journey-
men Cordwainers' Society, ladies' branch, V, 238, 240, 241,
246, 256, 261, 277, 282, 298, 299, 300; VI, 197, 229; VIII,
221, 301 ; men's branch, V, 214, 215, 221 ; VIII, 301 ; Journey-
men Curriers' Society, VI, 197; Journeymen Glass Cutters' So-
ciety, V, 260, 269, 296; VI, 239; Journeymen Hat Finishers'
Society, VIII, 288; Journeymen Hat Makers' Society, V, 222,
227, 230, 231, 264, 284, 298; Journeymen Horse-shoers' Trade
Union Society, V, 244-245 ; Journeymen Locksmiths' Society, V,
238, 280, 281 ; Journeymen Silversmiths' Protective and Benefit
Association, VIII, 288, 301 ; Journeymen Tailors' Protective and
Benefit Union, IX, 229, 296-297 ; Journeymen Tailors' Society,
VI, 196; Journeymen Umbrella Makers' Society, V, 282, 296;
Journeymen Upholsterers' Society, VIII, 293 ; Knights of St.
Crispin, IX, 229; Laborers' U[nion?] and B[enefit?] Society,
IX, 196; Laborers' Union Association, VIII, 223, 289, 295, 301 ;
Trade] INDEX 347
Ladies' Shoemaker*' Union, VIII, 34'. 34*1 Leather Dream'
Association, V, 214, 215, 234, 236, 245, 248, 255. 269, 298, 361 ;
VI, 196, 197, 200; Licensed Public Porters' Society. VIII. 302;
Lithographic Printers' Society, VIII, 302; Machinists' and
Metal Workers' Union, IX, 229 ; Marble Cutters' Society, VIII.
303; Marble Polishers' Society, VIII, 289, 301 ; Men's Branch
of Journeymen Boot and Shoemakers' Society, VIII, 341 ; Mutual
Benefit and Protective Society of Operative Painters, IX, 229;
New York Benevolent Society of Journeymen Cabinet Makers,
VI, 196; New York Independent Journeymen House Carpenters'
Union, V, 208-209; New York Weavers' Society, V, 254, 259,
297, 300; Operative Bakers' Industrial Union, VIII, 288, 289;
Paper Hangers' Association, IX, 196; Piano Forte Makers' So-
ciety, V, 237 ; Piano Makers' Union, IX, 169; Plasterers' Union,
IX, 169; Practical House Painters' Protective and Benefit Asso-
ciation. VIII, 338, 341, 342; Practical Painters' Benevolent Pro-
tective Society, VIII, 287, 338; Printers' Cooperative Union,
VIII, 338, 339; Printers' Protective Union, VIII, 109, 288, 291,
301 ; Quarrymcn's Society, VIII, 302; Riggers' Union Associa-
tion, VIII, 287, 302, 338; Saddle and Harness Makers' Asso-
ciation, VIII, 338; Saddlers' Society, V, 289, 298; Saddlers'
Benevolent Society, VIII, 294, 302; Sailmakers' Society, VIII,
302; Sail Makers' Trade Society, VI, 197, 238; Sailors' Society,
VIII, 288 ; Sash and Blind Makers' Protective Union, VIII, 287,
301 ; Ship Joiners' Society, V, 237; Ship Joiners' Union, VIII,
302, 338, 342; IX, 128; Ship Sawyers' Society, VIII, 289, 302;
Shipwrights' and Caulkers' Society, VIII, 302; Silk Hat Makers'
Society, V, 225; Silver Knife Makers' Association, VIII, 338,
342; Slate Roofers' Union, IX, 196; Smiths' and Wheelwrights'
Society, VIII, 289, 301 ; Society of Morocco Beamsmen, V, 300;
Spikemakers' Society, VIII, 302; Steam Boiler Makers' Society,
VIII, 301; Stone Cutters' Association, V, 231, 233, 235, 236,
237, 238, 242, 244, 249, 255, 289; Stone Cutters' Society, VIII,
288, 302; Stove Makers' Society, VIII, 288, 302; Tailors' Pro-
tective Society, VIII, 342; Tailors' Union, IX, 229; Tallow
Chandlers' Society, VIII, 342; Tin and Sheet Iron Workers'
Aawciation, VIII, 289, 301 ; Tobacco Pipe Makers' Society, VIII,
288, 300; Typographical Association, V, 203, footnote, 204, 212,
348 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Trade
Trade unions (continued) —
215, 231, 238, 239, 261, 263, 282, 299; VI, 197; VIII, 220;
Typographical Union, IX, 196, 229; Umbrella Frame Makers'
Society, VIII, 303 ; Union House Painters' Association, IX, 195 ;
Union Society of Journeymen House Carpenters, V, 260, 283,
284; VI, 197; Union Trade Society of Journeymen Tailors, V,
206, 215, 256, 257, 261, 267, 270, 286, 287, 289, 290, 295, 296,
3I5> 349» 35 1 > 354> 36o> 361, 362; United Association of Coach-
makers, VIII, 287; United Cabinet Makers' Union, IX, 195,
229; United Carpenters Society, IX, 373, 375; United Coopers'
Union, IX, 196; United Society of Journeymen Cordwainers,
men's branch, VI, 196; United Society of Journeymen Sail-
makers, V, 214, 221, 227, 267, 270, 275; United Workingmen's
League, VIII, 288 ; Varnishers' and Polishers' Society, VIII, 302 ;
Watch Makers' Society, VIII, 302; Window Shade Painters'
Protective Union, VIII, 287, 301 ; Wood Carvers' Society, VIII,
302; Newark, N.J. - Bricklayers' Union, IX, 197; Curriers'
Society, VI, 229; Fudge Boot and Shoemakers' Society, VI, 177,
196; House Painters' Union, IX, 197, 219; Journeymen Boot
Fitters' Society, VI, 175, 184; Journeymen Hatters' Society, VI,
175, 182, 184; Ladies' Shoe and Pump Makers' Society, V, 240,
245, 246; VI, 175, 176, 196; Morocco Leather Dressers' Society,
VI, 183; Saddlers' Harness Makers' and Trimmers' Society, VI,
176; Second Rate Boot Makers' Society, VI, 184; Union Benevo-
lent Society of Journeymen Cordwainers, VI, 175, 184; United
Society of Journeymen Curriers, VI, 182, 185; Newburgh,
N.Y. - Masons' Union, IX, 127 ; Norristown, Pa. - Trade Asso-
ciation, V, 382 ; Norwich, Ct. - Piano Carvers' Association, IX,
196; Orange, N. J. - Cordwainers' Society, VI, 184; Hatters'
Society, VI, 182; Ottawa, III. -Iron Moulders' Union, IX,
230, 270; Paterson, N.J .- Society of Cordwainers, VI, 175;
Society of House Carpenters, VI, 183, 185; Philadelphia - Asso-
ciation of Journeymen Cabinet Makers, V, 353, 360, 369, 372,
384, 388; Association of Journeymen Hatters, VI, 196; Associa-
tion of Journeymen Shell Comb Makers, V, 348, 351, 352, 386;
Association of Journeymen Stone Cutters, V, 348, 350; Associa-
tion of Leather Dressers, V, 348, 349. 352, 357. 360, 384, 387 ;
Association of Moulders, V, 348, 351, 386; Benevolent and
Trade] INDEX 349
Trade Society of Journeymen Tailors, \ ;8a. 388;
Biscuit Bakers' Society, V, 35.1; Black and \ niths* So-
ciety, V, 385. 388; Blockley and Haverford [trade] Association,
\ u8; Bookbinders' Trade Society, V, 280, 348, 35 1. 360
388; Carpenters' and Joiners' Union, IX, 128, 197. 229; Brick-
layers' Society, V, 280; Carpenters' Society, VI, 66; Carpet and
Ingrain Weavers' Society, V, 354, 369; Cedar Coopers' Society,
V, 369, 388; VII, 66, 196; Chairmakers' Society, V, 357. 360;
Coach Makers', Trimmers' and Painters' Society, V, 369, 375;
Cordwainers' Society, VI, 25, 66; Cotton Spinners' Society, V,
i . 352, 388 ; Day Laborers* Society. V. 280, 357, 368, 376. 386;
Dyers' Association, V, 369; Frame Work Knitters' Society, V,
388; VI, 66; Furriers' Society, V, 353; German Garment Cut-
ters' Association, IX, 229; Gilders' Association, V, ^4. 355, 378,
379. 387 ; Glass Cutters' Society, V, 388; Hand Loom Weavers'
Society, VI, 58-59, 64, 179, 180, 181, 183; Horn Comb Makers'
Society, V, 354, 356, 381 ; Horse-shoers' Society, V, 361, 369,
37'. 372, 374; House Carpenters' Association, V, 280, 380. 387;
Iron Moulders' Union, IX, 229; Jewellers' Society, V, 384;
Journeymen Bookbinders' Society, V, 285; VI, 124. 125. 160-
170, 171, 184; Journeymen Brushmakers' Society, V, 348. \si,
354, 383, 388; VI, 66, 68; Journeymen Cabinet Makers* So-
ciety, VI, 64; Journeymen Carpenters' Benevolent Association,
V, 348 ; Journeymen Hatters' Association, V, 280, 348. *<i. ^4
355. 372, 388; VI, 58, 61 ; Journeymen House Carpenters' So-
ciety, V, 80, 81 , 82-83, 90; Journeymen House Painters' and
Glaziers' Society. V, 75, 350, 352. 37 ■■ 383. 387. 388; Journey-
men Plumbers' Union, IX, 229 ; Journeymen Saddle and Harness
Makers* Society, V, 348, 3 5 1, 356. 386, 388; VI, 58. 1 9°; Jour-
neymen Umbrella Makers' Society, V, 348; Knights of St.
Crispin, IX, 229; Marble Laborers' Society, V, 35«. 384. 388;
VI, 66; Millwrights' and Machinists' Society, V, 361 ; Morocco
Finishers* Society, V. 384 ; Oak Coopers* Society, V, 369. 380,
383; VI, 66; Paper Stainers' Society, V, 475. 381. 387: Pl«*-
terers' Society, V, 357, 387; Pressmen's Association, V.
Ship Joiners' Society, V, 387. 388; Silk Weavers* and Taasel
Makers' M.H. Societv. IX. 230; Silver Platers' and M
Workers' Society, V, 388; VI. 66; Silversmiths' Society. V. 386;
350 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Trade
Trade unions (continued) —
Society of Paper Makers, V, 361, 369, 370, 380; Tailors' So-
ciety, V, 280; VI, 58; Tallow Chandlers' and Soap Boilers' So-
ciety, V, 373; Tin Plate and Sheet Iron Workers' Society, V,
355 ,' Tobacconists' Trade Society, V, 348 ; Typographical Asso-
ciation, V, 335, 348, 360, 372, 388; VI, 196; Union Beneficial
Society of Journeymen Cordwainers, ladies' branch, V, 280, 348,
350, 364-365, 367, 368, 388; men's branch, V, 280, 348, 351,
380, 385, 388; VI, 196; United Cabinet Makers' Union, IX,
230; United Hand Loom Weavers' Society, V, 274, 275, 280,
35i, 356, 371, 373, 376, 377, 384, 385, 388; United Hod Car-
riers' and Laborers' Association, IX, 259 ; United Hod Carriers'
Union, IX, 229; Whip and Cane Makers' Society, V, 351;
Poughkeepsie, N.Y. — House Carpenters' Society, V, 247, 261,
276; Journeymen Cordwainers' Society, V, 242, 243, 244, 246,
248, 251, 255, 261, 265 ; VI, 197 ; Richmond, Va. - Iron Mould-
ers' Association, IX, 128, 230; Rochester, N.Y -Knights of St.
Crispin, IX, 196; St. Clair, Pa. - Engineers' Protective Union,
IX, 230; St. Louis, Mo. - Iron Moulders' Union, IX, 259; Ma-
chinery Moulders' Union, IX, 127; Painters' Union, IX, 127;
Railroad Men's Protective Union, IX, 127; Ship Carpenters' and
Caulkers' Protective Union, IX, 127, 170; San Francisco, Cal. -
Riggers' Union, IX, 257 ; Savannah, Ga. — Iron Moulders'
Union, IX, 127; Schenectady, N.Y. - Carpenters' Society, VI,
144; Cordwainers' Society, VI, 114; Hatters' Society, VI, 153,
154, 155-156, 159-161, 162, 165; Tanners' and Curriers' So-
ciety, VI, 146; Stoneham, Mass. - Daughters of St. Crispin, IX,
258; Knights of St. Crispin, IX, 228; Tamaqua, Pa. -General
Council of Miners and Laborers, IX, 231 ; Troy, N.Y. - Brush-
makers' and Finishers' Society, VI, 145, 149, 158, 164, 170, 174;
Collar Laundry Workingwomen's Association, IX, 127 ; Copper-
smiths' Society, VI, 157; Cordwainers' Society, VI, 158, 165,
170, *73J Journeymen Chairmakers' Society, VI, 166; Journey-
men Coachmakers' Society, VI, 158, 165, 166, 167, 170, 173;
Masons' Laborers' Union, IX, 196; Operative Masons' Society,
VI, 148, 149; Painters' Society, VI, 150, 157, 158; Tailors' So-
ciety, VI, 144, 147, 157; Tuscarora Valley, O. - Miners' and
Laborers' Benevolent Association, IX, 259 ; Utica, N.Y. - Brick-
Trade] INDEX 351
layers' Union, IX, 196; Journeymen Cordwainers' Society, VI,
174; Verplancks" Point. S Y. - Hudson Rivrr Laborer*' Asso-
ciation, IX, 196; Washington. D.C - Baker*' Benefit Society,
VI, 128; Benevolent Society of Journeymen Cordwainer*. Ladiea'
branch, VI, 1 19, 126, 13a, 133, 134; men** branch, VI, 133,
134; 135. U8; Bookbinder*' Society, VI, 119; Bookbinder*'
Union, IX, 128; Bricklayers' Society, VI, 119; Bricklayers'
Union, IX, 170; Carpenters' Society, VI, 119, 130; Granite
Cutters' Association, IX, 127 ; House Carpenters' Trades' Union,
IX, 127; House Painters' Union, IX, 127; Journeymen Some
Masons' Association, IX, 128; Saddlers' and Harness Makers'
Society, VI, 119; Society of Metal Worker*, VI, 135; Water
Valley, Miss.- Machinists' and Blacksmiths' Union, IX, 128
Nationals and Internationals: American Miners' Asso-
ciation, IX, 169; Bricklayers' International Union, IX, 169, 195,
355; Carpenters' and Joiners' National Union, IX, 195, 288;
Carpenters' National Union -call for convention, VI, 337; pro-
ceedings, VI, 337-340; Coach Makers' International Union. IX,
127, 170; Combmakcrs' National Union, VI, 332-335; Hand
Loom Weavers' National Union, VI, 193, 341-342; Interna-
tional Lodge of the Knights of St. Crispin, apprenticeship, III,
52-53; attitude toward machinery, III, 52, 53-54 ; membership,
III, 52; objects, III, 52, 54; opposition to Chinese, III, 53 : I V
84-86; organization, III, 52; origin, III, 29; progress, IX. 199;
strike, III, 53; International Union of Machinists and Black-
smiths, IX, 117, 195, 228; Iron Moulders' International Coop-
erative and Protective Union, IX, 170, 197, 228, 258; National
Association of Journeymen Cordwainers, call for convention. \ I .
316, 330; constitution, VI, 322-324; preliminary meetinj; \ I
314-316; proceedings, VI, 3*7-329; National Colored Teachers'
Association, IX, 259; National Typographical Convention ol
1836, VI, 346-351 ; convention of 1837. VI, 351-353 i National
Typographical Union, IX, 169, 195. 228, 257, 361 ; National
Union of Curriers, IX, 129; organization, VI, 311; Tailors'
International Union, IX, 1 70
State: Illinois - American Miners' Association, IX. 258;
Miners' Lodge, IX, 127 ; Pennsylvania - Miners' and Working-
men's Benevolent Association, IX, 354; State General Council
352 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Trade
Trade unions (continued) —
Miners' Benevolent Association, IX, 270; State Lodge of Knights
of St. Crispin, IX, 228; Stone Masons' Union, IX, 257; United
Hod Carriers' and Laborers' Association, IX, 228; Union
Agency, V, 135; Virginia - Agricultural Labor Association, IX,
257
Tramping committee, cordwainers, III, 75
Transactions of the American Medical Association, VIII, 187
Transcendentalism, VII, 27
Transportation : agricultural products, VII, 53 ; American Cheap
Transportation Convention, X, 67-70; frontier, II, 53, 264;
iron products, II, 311, 313; merchant-capitalist stage, V, 23; see
also Immigration, transportation, Patrons of Husbandry, Rail-
roads
Trask, H. P., delegate to New England Industrial League, VIII,
330
Travel: southwest, II, 198; see also Finch, Frontier
Travels, see Ker (Henry)
Traver, William H., delegate to Albany General Trades' Union,
VI, 166
Treadway, Edward, delegate to New England Workingmen's Asso-
ciation, VIII, 107
Treadwell, Francis C, land reformer, VIII, 26
Treanor, B. S., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 326, 327, 330
Trees, South Carolina, II, 305
Treillou, J. J., defendant, trial Philadelphia Spinners, IV, 265-268
Trevellick, Richard F: delegate to Industrial Congress, IX, 273;
delegate to International Industrial Assembly, IX, 120; delegate
to International Workingmen's Association, IX, 194; delegate to
National Labor Reform Party, IX, 272 ; National Labor Union,
committee member, IX, 183; delegate, IX, 170, 198, 231, 257,
270, 272, 273 ; financial policy, IX, 210-213 ; immigration policy,
IX, 334, 338-339; on admission of negroes, IX, 185-186; politi-
cal policy, IX, 265, 272, 273 ; strike policy, IX, 208 ; president,
address, IX, 261-263, 270-271, 338-339; election, IX, 242, 269,
271 ; vote of thanks, IX, 227
Trever, John, mechanic, II, 369
Turner] INDEX 333
Treyhern, Enos, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
143, 144, 148
Trial of the Journeymen Boot & Shoemakers of Philadelphia. Tht,
cited, III, 26, 27
Trong, Louis, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Trotter, Thomas, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 234, 262
Troup, Alexander H : delegate to National Labor Reform Party,
IX, 272; National Labor Union, committee member, IX. 1 12,
136, 261 ; delegate, IX, 128, 195, 257; financial policy, IX, 218;
motions, IX, 218, 259; on admission of negroes, IX, 239, 260;
political policy, IX, 137, 265; vice president, IX, 129
Trow, John F., printer, VIII, 221
Trowd, William, plaintiff, trial New York Cordwainers, III. 256
Troy Budget, The, V, 314
Truck system, evils, III, 24; VII, 5051, 54, 55
True Greenback, The, see Campbell (Alexander)
True Sun, The, quoted, VIII, 236-238
True Workingman, The, cited, VII, 305-307; VIII, 82, 113-119,
122, 125
Trunk-minders, I, 120
Tucker, John H., delegate to Union Trade Society, Baltimore, VI,
108
Tucker, Joseph, mechanic, VIII, 217
Tucker, W. C, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
Tucker, William, VIII, 217
Tupper, Hiram, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 261, 266, 267, 282, 294, 318
Turnbull, Andrew, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 195
Turnbull, Andrew E., delegate to New York General Trades'
Union, V, 209, 225, 233. 237, 240, 243
Turner, A. J., Genesis of the Republican Party, VII. 37. footnote
Turner, Charles, delegate to General Convention of Trades, Bos-
ton, VI, 90
Turner, Dyer D., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 262
Turner, Frederick J., acknowledgments to, I, 103
Turner, J. A., Cotton Planters' Manual, I, 276-280
354 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Turner
Turner, John, member Labor Reform League, VIII, 127
Turnips, I, 209, 213
Turnout, see Strike
Turpentine, manufacture, I, 197
Tuscaloosa Monitor, The, cited, II, 330
Tweedy, Edmund, association ist, VII, 205
Tye Kim Orr, testimony on coolie labor, IX, 82
Typographical Association, see Printers
Typographical Union, see Printers
Tyson, William, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Ugh, Henry, II, 240
Umbrella makers, see Trade unions
Unemployment: American, VII, 55; carpenters, VI, 55; cause, V,
19; VII, 295 ; VIII, 200, footnote] effect of climate, VII, 51-53 ;
employers' view, VII, 49; relation to cost of living, V, 34; ship
carpenters, VI, 84; tailors, VII, 66; truck system, VII, 50-51
Union card, IV, 3 1
Union of Trade Associations: definition, V, 21; see also Trades'
Assemblies
Union shop policy, see Closed shop, Scab labor
Unitarianism, VII, 27
United States Gazette, cited, V, no, 112, 352
United Workers of America : General Rules of the Association of,
IX, 376-378 ; International Workingmen's Association compared,
IX, 376-378
Universal Brotherhood, I, 33
Upholsterers, see Trade unions
Urmstone [Urnstone?], Rev. John, letter, II, 271
Urner, Benjamin, associationist, VII, 242, 246
Urquhart, A. H., letter, II, 154
Urquhart, John, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 289, 300
Usher, Rev.— , VIII, 116
Vail [Vane?], Howell, defendant, trial Twenty Journeymen
Tailors, IV, 315, 3^9, 326, 332
Vineyard] INDEX 355
Vain Prodigal Life and Tragical Penitent Death of Tkonuu llellter.
The, cited, I, 357-365
Vale, G., delegate to New York City Industrial Congraa, VIII.
303
Valentine, Joseph, letter, I, 319-320
Van Amringe, H. H., land reformer, VIII, 22
Van Buren, Martin: VII, 40, 160; VIII, 81, 85; executive order,
V, 35; VIII, 81, 85
Vance, George, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI, 143
Van Cleef, William H., delegate to New York City Industrial
Congress, VIII, 302
Van Cott, Edward B., delegate to Amalgamated Trades* Con-
vention, VIII, 343
Vanderlip, Elias, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union. VI,
164, 165, 168, 169, 173
Vanderpool, John I., plaintiff, trial New York Cordwainers, III.
256
Van Dorn, Henry, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169, 186
Vandyke, John S., delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, VI, 67
Vane, Henry, defendant, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 252
Van Valkenburgh, Daniel, delegate to Albany General Trades'
Union, VI, 144, 157
Van Wickle, S., II, 88
Varnishers and polishers, see Trade unions
Vaughan, A. J., master Mississippi State Grange, X, 85
Vedder, J. E., delegate to New York State Industrial Legislature,
VIII, 316
Venable, George, delegate to Trades' Union Convention of Dis-
trict of Columbia, VI, 138
Verner, — , delegate to National Labor Union, IX, IJJ
View of the Constitution of the British Colonies, see Stokes (An-
thony)
Villiers, Thomas, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Vincent, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196, 204, 227
Vinchell [Winchell?], Madison, VI, 150, 168
Vine dressers, demand on frontier, II, 176
Vineyard, II, 231
356 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Virgin
Virgin, Samuel: committee member, New York General Trades'
Union, V, 251; delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 178;
National Trades' Union - Board of Commissioners, VI, 243 ;
committee member, VI, 237, 238, 240, 246, 253-255 ; delegate,
VI, 230; ten-hour report, VI, 253-255
Virginia: court calendar, Augusta County, II, 286-288; curse of
slavery, II, 30; development, I, 74-75; economic conditions, II,
30, 60; emigration, I, 82, 85, 86, 90; freedmen, I, 89, 340; II,
57; frontier, I, 74-78; immigrants, II, 169; industry diversified,
I, 88, 89; plantation - records, I, 109, 112, 130, 131, 186-191,
208-214, 245-252, 296-298, 321-325, 326-330; system, I, 74-76;
type, I, 81; planters, II, 62; sectionalism, I, 76; settlement, I,
76-78; Shenandoah Valley, I, 86-90; slave labor, I, 81, 177;
II, 30; soil — character, II, 62; exhaustion, I, 83; taxes, II, 30;
towns few, I, 83 ; vineyard, II, 231 ; see also Frontier, Immigra-
tion, Indentured servitude, Jefferson (Thomas), Negroes, Slave
labor, Tobacco
Virginia Gazette, The, cited, I, 133, 245, 346, 352, 353-354J H,
52, 81, 82, 86, 88, 93, 177, 260, 326, 327, 350
Virginia Historical Register, cited, I, 346, 355 ; II, 286-288
Vliet, Jasper, anti-agrarian, VIII, 53, 55, 58
Vogdes, William, VI, 44
Vogelgesang, G., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 300
Voice of Industry, cited, VII, 88, 138-140, 141, 142-143, 233-234;
VIII, 53, 82, 83, 106-113, 1 19-122, 123-127, 188-189, 192, 218,
231, 232, 239-240, 265-272
Volksfreund, VIII, 59
Folks Tribun, cited, VII, 91-92, 225-229; VIII, 333-334
Vollaton, David Moses, mechanic, II, 368
Von Waltershausen, Sartorius, Die nordamerikanischen Gewerk-
schaften unter dem Einfluss der fortschreitenden Production-
technik, IX, 19 and footnote
"Vote Yourself a Farm," see Land
Voyages . . . de la Louisiana, see Robin (C. C.)
Wade, George R., delegate to Albany General Trades' Union,
VI, 176, 181
Wages] INDEX 357
Wadsworth, Lewis L., delegate to National Labor Union. IX, 169
Wadsworth, William, delegate to New York General Trades'
Union, V, 247
VVagenfuhr, Charles, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 288, 301
Wager, Peter, VI, 44
Wager, Phillip, alderman, III, 61
Wages: advertising forbidden. III, 166; agricultural laborers, II,
36-37; VII, 47; American and British compared, VII, 47, 50,
51, 76-77 ; bakers, V, 305-306, 307; blacksmiths, VII, 47; book-
binders, V, 285 ; bricklayer, II, 47; VII, 48; cabinet makers. VII.
106-107; carpenter, II, 174, 275; V, 203, 205; VI, 50, 55, 56,
78; children, V, 64, 65, 66; cigarmakers, VIII, 345; colliers,
II, 306; colonial, I, 340; control by masters, III, 166; cordwain-
ers (see shoemakers) ; decline, VII, 55; domestic service, VII,
77; effect of reduction of hours, VI, 49; IX, 287-301, 306-329:
employers' attitude, III, 34; IV, 53; English, III. -244; factory
operatives, II, 339, 34©, 357; fillers, II, 309; hammerer. II,
310; hatters, VI, 100, 104-107, 153, 154*155. 160; IX, 57, 59;
influence of immigration, VII, 143; influence of public lands, V,
35-36; Irish labor, II, 181, 309, 3 1 3 ; iron workers, II, 309, 313;
VII, 48; laborers, II, 309; VII, 751 VIII, 225; low, V. 330-
332; IX, 151 ; masons, VII, 48; VIII, 217; mechanics, VII, 47;
methods of payment, II, 306; III, 24, 269; V, 28-29, 193: VI.
56, 219; VII, 50-51, 54, 55. 116-117, 309 (see also Store order
system, Truck system) ; miners, II, 317; VII, 48; molders, VII.
48; mowers, IV, 61, footnote; overseer, II, 315; printers, VII,
109-111, 113, footnote, 309; VIII, 220; plasterers, VII, 48;
regulation, III, 68; V, 232, 237; ropemakers, V, 227; shoe-
makers, III, 32, 33, 36-37. 40, 63, 74. 104, »o6, 118. 1 1 -
124, 166, 215, 368; IV, 28, 33. 34. 45. 66; V, 365-367; VI. 36-
38; VIII, 232-234. 235-236; skilled labor. VII. 80; smel-
ters, VII, 48; spinners, II, 316; VII, 541 "tike, V. 205; VII.
231; VIII 219, 22i; tailors, IV, 59. "7. 152-153. 225, foot-
note, 252, footnote, 269, 270; V, 206, footnote; VII, 48-65;
VIII, 297; tariff, VIII, 218; teamsters, II, 306; weavers, II,
315, 316; IV, Supp., 21, 27-29. 52. 55. 60, 63, 72. 80, 118-120.
134; V, 275, 297; VI, 180; VIII, 236-238; wheelwrights, II.
358 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Wages
Wages (continued) —
309; women, II, 340; VIII, 226-231, 231-232; IX, 72-73;
wood cutters, II, 306; see also National Labor Union
Waggoner, Jacob, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
H7
Wagstaff, David, juror, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 362
Wailes, Levin, II, 205
Wainwright, William, delegate to New York City Industrial
Congress, VIII, 289, 301
Wait, William S., land reformer, VIII, 21, 26, 27
Walcott, J., associationist, VII, 205
Walker, Amasa, VIII, 83, 126, 127
Walker, G. W., delegate to Trades' Union Convention of District
of Columbia, VI, 109, in ; VII, 205
Walker, Hal T., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 230, 239
Walker, Hon. Isaac P., VIII, 21, 326
Walker, John, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Walker, N. B., delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI, 168
Walker, William, II, 98
Walker, William, weaver, IV, Supp., 54, 56, 88, 93
Wallace, A., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
3i6
Wallace, Hugh, III, 17
Wallace, S. J., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 197, 198, 218
Wallbridge, Martha M., delegate to National Labor Union, IX,
228, 231, 258, 267
Wallenberger, Henry, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
Walling, William English, acknowledgments to, I, 27
Walls, Harry J., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 242, 340
Walsh, — , delegate to New England Workingmen's Association,
VIII, 93, 94
Walsh, John M., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 338
Walsh, Lawrence, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 269, 290
Walsh, M. R., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 231
Washburn] INDEX 3)9
Walsh, Mike, land reformer, VII, 305
Walsh, Thomas J., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196,
220, 221, 224
Walter, Adam, master cordwainer, III, 105
Walters, G. O., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, as*
Walters, John, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 259
Walton, Benjamin, associationist, VII. 248
Walton, Henry, delegate to New York General Trades' Union. V,
215, 221
Wandle, Sidney, defendant, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 277
Wangner, — , delegate to Pittsburgh Workingmen's Convention,
VIII, 333
War of 181 2, economic effect, I, 86
Ward, — , defendant, trial Baltimore Weavers, IV, 269
Ward, Allen, witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors, IV,
100
Ward, John, defendant, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 18, 26,
28, 49
Ward, Ralph, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V.
294
Wardlaw, Benjamin F., master State Grange of Florida, X, 85, IOO
Ware, J. D., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 127, 129. 137
Waring, Amos, delegate to New York General Trades' Union. V.
261, 265, 266, 278, 283, 296, 298, 299, 318
Warner, A. M., delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
174
Warner, Adam, delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 336,
337
Warner, Henry A., iron foundry owner, IX, 99
Warner, John S., member Mechanics* Union, V, 1 2 *
Warner, William, iron worker, IX, 102
Warren, Cyrus, delegate to Albany General Trade*' Union, VI, 158
Warren, James, land reformer, VIII, 27
Warren, Josiah: cooperative scheme, V, 78; letter, V, 133*137;
Periodical Letters of Profress, V, 79. footnote
Warrington, William, carpenter, II, 371
Washburn, J. Smith, delegate to New York State Industrial Leg-
islature. VIII, 316, 317. 320, 324. 326
36o AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Wash.
Washington, George, I, 89, 190, 19I1 296-298, 301-305, 319, 320,
344-345 ; II, 56, 322-325
Washington Daily Morning Chronicle, cited, IX, 253-256
Washingtonian, The, VI, 125, 127, 129
W ashingtonian and Farmers' , Mechanics' and Merchants' Gazette,
cited, VI, 138
Watchcase makers' society: VIII, 302; see Trade unions
Watchmen, see Plantation
Wateree Agricultural Society, I, 290
Waterman, Henry, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union,
VI, 144
Waterton, George, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 265
Watkins, Isaac, juror, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 61
Watson, Abijah, delegate to New England Workingmen's Asso-
ciation, VIII, no
Watson, Alonzo M., associationist, VII, 188, 189, 201, 248-259;
VIII, 26
Watson, Charles, Jr., witness, trial Twenty-four Journeymen
Tailors, IV, 101, 119, 141, 156, 165
Watson, J., delegate to Pittsburgh Workingmen's Convention,
VIII, 331, 332, 333
Watson, P. V., delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
165, 168
Watt, James, I, 38, 39
Watts, George P., delegate to Albany General Trades' Union,
VI, 157
Watts, John, II, 290-292
Watts, P. K., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 169
Way, W. B., delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 385
Wayne, William G., delegate Patrons of Husbandry, X, 133
Weaky, William, associationist, VII, 276
Wealth, per capita, IX, 150; see Monopoly
Wealth of Nations, see Smith (Adam)
Weare, Isaac C, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 244, 259,
261
Weaver, George H., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 270
Weaver, Thomas, VI, 44
Weavers: advertisements, II, 326-330; benevolent society, IV, 51,
Weisa] INDEX 361
78 ; carpet -convention, VI 1 1, 239-240 ; organisation. VIII, 240-
242 ; cooperation, VI, 58-59; IX, 148, 149: demand for. II, J47 ;
fines, IV, Supp., 29, 30, 52, 60, 63, 92, 93, 94 1 g«rl». IV, Supp.,
54; hand loom, V, 250, 274, 275. 276, 280, 281 ; VI, 193; VIII,
221, 236-238; Irish, II, 316; national convention, VI, 193; no-
tice of discharge, IV, 88, 89, 106; organization, V, 250; VIII,
239-240; premiums, IV, Supp., 29, 30, 52, 60, 63; Washington's
weaving record, II, 222-225; redemptioner, II, 327-328; resolu-
tions against over-work, VIII, 231-232; resolutions favoring \ 1
180-181 ; stocking, II, 3 16; strikes, IV, 271 ; IV, Supp., 31-32. 64,
65; V, 280, 297; VI, 40; VIII, 221 ; strike benefit, IV, Smpp.,
26; union, VIII, 246-249; wages, II, 315; IV, Smpp., 30, 48,
5i, 53. 55, 79,8i, 84, 85; V, 275, 297; women, VIII, 23«-au;
see also Conspiracy trials, Factory system. Trade unions
Weaving: frontier, II, 274; plantation industry, I, 187-189, 191-
193, 231, 334; pn«, II, 326; wool, II, 334, 335; see also Cot-
ton, Weavers
Webb, James, mechanic, VIII, 217
Webb, Kendal, juror, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 18, 28,
32, 33, 34, 49
Webb, Sydney and Beatrice, V, 22 ; History of Trade Unionism,
V, 22, footnote
Webber, John, member of Ship Carpenters' and Caulkers' Union,
delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 171
Webster, — , cordwainer, IV, 53
Webster, John, delegate to New York State Industrial Legisla-
ture, VIII, 321, 322, 326
Webster, Stephen, associationist, VII, 205
Weed, George W., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Union, VIII,
341
Weed, John, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Weeks, Joseph, master carpenter, VI, 35
Weeks, Samuel, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 338
Weiss, Frederick, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288
Weiss, Isaac C, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 231
362 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Weiss
Weiss, Th., member International Workingmen's Association,
IX, 359. 366
Weitling, William, editor, I, 25; VIII, 288, 303, 3°8
Weitzf elder, E., II, 330
Welch, H. K., member American Emigrant Company, IX, 75
Welch, Hon. John, VII, 75-76
Welch (Welsh?), Patrick, delegate to National Labor Union, IX,
196, 224
Weldon, J., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress, VIII,
287
Welles, Hon. Gideon, IX, 75
Welles, James, witness, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV, Supp.,
87-88
Wellington, Elberidge, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union,
VI, 157, 168
Wellington, William, printer, VI, 353
Wells, Dr. — , VIII, 144, 145
Wells, Alexander E. H., delegate to New York State Industrial
Legislature, VIII, 323
Wells, Austin S., delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
157
Wells, H. M., delegate to Albany General Trades' Union in
place of Jarvis Blatchley, VI, 157
Welsh, James, juror, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 362; IV,
Supp., 31, 90
Welsh, John, defendant, trial Twenty Journeymen Tailors, IV,
315, 319, 326
Welsh, Nicholas, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 281, 299
Welsh, William: witness, trial Philadelphia Weavers, IV, 267
Wendell, D. C, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 341
Wendell, Henry, delegate to New England Workingmen's Asso-
ciation, VIII, no
West, A. M., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 230, 231,
239, 261
West, Abel P., delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
165, 167, 168
Whiskey] INDEX tfj
West, William, delegate to New York City Industrial Congraa,
VIII, 288; IX, 366
Western, H. M., counsel, trial Twenty Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 317, 325. 326
Western Democrat, cited, II, 42
"Western Waters," I. 84
Westcwater, James, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 269, 318
West India Company, II, 242, 246-247
West Indies: development, I, 91; importation of labor, II, 1 27-
133 ; industrial systems I, 91-92; sugar methods, I, 281-282; tee
also Plantation, Slaxe labor, Sugar
Weston, P. C. J., Documents connected with the History of South
Carolina, I, 354
West Virginia, character of settlers, I, 91
Whaley, J. C. C: National Labor Union, delegate, IX, 127: finan-
cial policy, IX, 216; immigration policy, IX, 223; on southern
delegates, IX, 133-134; political policy, IX, 137: preliminary
meeting, IX, 126; president, IX, 129, 194; presidential ad-
dress, IX, 171, 198-199; resolutions, IX, !?3-«34
Wharton, Jonathan [John?], juror, trial Philadelphia Cordwain-
ers, III, 61, 105
What is Property f, IX, 33
Wheat: II, 273; plantation production, I, 191, 209, 328; price,
VII, 49, 53
Wheeler, H. C, member Illinois farmers' convention, X, 42
Wheeler, James H., delegate to New York City Industrial Coo-
gress, VIII, 287, 301
Wheeling Gazette, The, cited, II, 277
Wheelwrights, prison labor, V, 54
Wheldon, Joseph, association ist, VII, 242
Wheller, William H., member of Carpenters' and Joiners' Union,
delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229
Whig Battering Ram, quoted, VIII, 39
Whigs, see Politics
Whip and cane makers, apprentice, V, 69-70
Whippo, J., VII, 242
Whiskey, price, II, 314
364 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [White
White, Andrew, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 285, 287
White, Benjamin, land reformer, VIII, 26
White, Charles H., master cabinet-maker, VII, 108
White, Henry, weaver, IV, Supp., 31, 32, 33. 56, 65, 69, 90-91
White, J. T., association ist, VII 206
White, John, associationist, VII, 201, 241, 245, 308; VIII, 26,
317. 320
White, John F., master cabinet-maker, VII, 108
White, William A., address on hours of labor, VIII, 126, 127
Whitehead, John, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Whiteman, Hugh, witness, trial Baltimore Weavers, IV, 267
Whitess, Edward, witness, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 362,
370
Whiteworth, Richard, plaintiff, trial Baltimore Weavers, IV, 269
Whiting, J. R., counsel, trial Twenty Journeyman Tailors, IV,
317. 325, 326
Whitley, Thomas W., land reformer, VIII, 26
Whitmore, H. O., delegate to Trades' Union Convention of Dis-
trict of Columbia, VI, 119
Whitney, Amaziah, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union,
VI, 144, 146, 149, 151, 152, 161, 162, 165, 166, 174, 265, 266,
276, 280, 304, 336
Whitney, Charles, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 258
Whitney, Eli, I, 46, 85
Whitney, Walter, delegate to Albany General Trades' Union, VI,
140
Whittick, J. T., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 257
Whittier, S. S., delegate to International Industrial Assembly, IX,
120
Wholey, D., member International Workingmen's Association, IX,
378
Whyman, Joseph L., delegate to Newark Trades' Union, VI, 187
Widdows, Peter, juror, trial Twenty- four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 102
Wier, George, delegate to National Trades' Union, VI, 265, 266,
276, 299, 304
Willis] INDEX 36s
Wier, Richard, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 282
Wiggins, William H., master cabinet maker. VIII. 108
Wilbank. John. VI, 68
Wilcox, J. W., delegate to New York State Industrial legisla-
ture, VIII, 316
Wilcox, John, witness, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 36a
Wilcox, Thomas J., land reformer, VIII, 27
Wild, — , delegate to New York City Industrial Congress. VIII.
290
Wilder, Col. — , X, 74
Wiley, Robert K., delegate to Union Trade Society, Baltimor
108
Wilkins, John C, land reformer, VIII, 26
Wilkins, Paul, mechanic, II, 368
Wilkins, W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 229, 240
Wilkins, William, counsel, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 17, 77
Wilkinson, Gen. Joseph, II, 207, 210
Willard, Mrs. E. O. G., delegate to National Labor Union, IX,
269, 270
Willard, Paul, clerk Massachusetts Senate, V, 60
Willcoxson, Judge — , IV, 277, 310-312
Williams, Chief Justice — , IV, Supp., 16, 113
Williams, Benjamin F., association ist, VII, 242, 245, 246
Williams, J. M., General Council of Miners and Laborers, dele-
gate to National Labor Union, IX, 231
Williams, John, agent American Emigrant Company, IX, 75, 76, 77
Williams, John D., master builder, VI, 81
Williams, John L., Territory of East and West Florida, The, I.
131-132
Williams, John S., land reformer, VIII, 26
Williams, Peere, Reports, III, 273
Williams, R. R., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 196
Williams, Robert, planter, I, 348
Williamson, Jesse, Jr., master carpenter, VI, 54
Willis, Francis, Jr., planter, I, 251
Willis, J., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress. \ III.
289, 301
366 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Wilm.
Wilmarth, — , delegate to New England Industrial League, VIII,
330
Wilmot, Justice — , opinion, III, 238
Wilock, Andrew, witness, trial Pittsburgh Cordwainers, IV, 23,
26, 28
Wilson, Judge — , opinion, III, 160-161
Wilson, — , Wisconsin assemblyman, VIII, 59
Wilson, Alexander, carpenter, II, 371
Wilson, Charles E., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 128,
137
Wilson, Henry, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302; IX, 76, 244-245
Wilson, J. C, delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention, VIII,
337
Wilson, James, defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 132, 167
Wilson, John, ship carpenter, VI, 86
Wilson, John M., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 288
Wilson, Joseph E., delegate to Albany Trades' Union, VI, 152
Wilson, L. H., defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors,
IV, 101, 104, 108, 120, 128, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136, 137, H3,
168
Wilson, M., delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, V, 358, 386
Wilson, M. A., delegate to New York State Industrial Legisla-
ture, VIII, 320
Wilson, Philip, secretary, Newark Trades' Union, VI, 175, 178,
179, 180, 185, 229, 231, 235, 237, 240, 244
Wilson, Robert B., deposition, trial Thompsonville Weavers, IV,
Supp., 32, 38, 108-109, no
Wilson, Thomas, witness, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 363
Wilson, Thomas, delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 300
Winchell, see Vinchell
Winchester, E., printer, VI, 352
Winchester Gazette, The, cited, I, 255 ; II, 272, 348
Window shade painters, see Trade unions
Windt, John, VII, 305, 326
Women] INDEX 367
Windward Islands: decay, I, 91 ; eclipsed by Jamaica, I. 91 ; ex-
ports, I, 91 j slave labor. II, 128
Winebrener, David, defendant, trial Twenty-four Journeymen
Tailors, IV, 113-120, 121, 125, 127, 14114a. H% Ijfc 159,
173, 205-208
Wingate, Isaac, mechanic, II, 370, footnote
Winkie, Alexander, weaver, IV, Supf>., 32, 56, 67, 87-88
Winn, A. M., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 2 \i
Winyaw Intelligencer, cited, II, 47
Wisconsin, The, VIII, 59
Wiseman, Alexander, delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 301
Wistar, John, juror, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers, III, 62
Wittenbert, T. C, delegate to New York State Industrial Legisla-
ture, VIII, 316, 317, 320, 321, 326
Witter, Daniel, land reformer, VII, 305, 308
Witter, Henry, land reformer, VII, 310
Witz [Witts?], John, delegate to New York General TraoW
Union, V, 282, 283, 296
Wogram, Francis, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302
Wolf, John Adam, redemptioner, I, 374
Wolff, J. B., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 257
Woman Suffrage Association: IX, 198; see also Anthony (Smtan
B.), National Labor Union
Women: competition, V, 35; convict, I, 346; domestic manufac-
tures, VII, 72; domestic service, VII, 77; factory operatives, V,
333; VI, 217-220, 221 ; VII, 133-135; VIII, 133-150; frontier.
II, 186, 284; hours of labor. VII. 133, 134; VIII. 1 M-187: In-
dian, II, 230; organizations - Collar Laundry Work ingworoen's
Association, IX, 127; Daughters of St. Crispin, IX, 257; Fe-
male Industry Association, VIII, 228-231; Female Labor Re-
form Association, VIII, 118; Female Society, VI, 91; Ladies'
Mechanic Association, VIII, no; Seamstremta* Cooperative So-
ciety, VIII, 327 ; Workingwomen's Cooperation, IX, 259; Work-
ingwomen's Protective Association, IX, 195. 231; Women's
Protective Labor Union. IX, 195; policy of National Labor
Union, IX, 156-160; report in National Trades' Union. VI,
368
AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY [Women
Women (continued) —
217-224; sewing women, memorial to President Lincoln, IX,
72-73; strike, V, 380; tailors, VII, 65; wages, II, 340; VIII,
226-231, 232; IX, 72-73; weavers, VIII, 231-232; see also
National Trades' Union
W onder-W orking Providence of Zion's Saviour in New England,
see Johnson (Edward)
Wood, A. H., author Boston Circular, VI, 43, 99
Wood, David, factory operative, VIII, 151, 152
Wood, E. R., delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 287
Wood, Timothy, plaintiff, trial New York Cordwainers, III, 255
Woodboo plantation, diary, I, 195-203
Woodbury Herald, The, cited, II, 159
Wood cutters: demand for, II, 348; wages, II, 306
Woodhouse, C, associationist, VII, 205
Woodhull, Victoria, editor, IX, 352
Woodhull and Claflins Weekly, IX, 352
Woodruff, Amos, mechanic, VIII, 217
Woodruff, J., associationist, VII, 245
Woodruff, John G: Cigarmakers' Trade Agreement Convention -
address, VIII, 344; committee member, VIII, 346; delegate to
National Industrial Congress, VIII, 346 ; president, VIII, 343 ;
resolution, VIII, 346; New York State Industrial Legislature -
address, VIII, 317; committee member, VIII, 324, 325; vice
president, VIII, 317
Wool: carding, II, 329, 330, 332; kerseys, II, 330; preparation
for weaving, II, 236-237; prices, II, 335; spinning and weav-
ing, I, 187, 189, I9I-I93, 334
Wool-pickers, prison labor, V, 54
Woolen mills, Kentucky, II, 301
Woolsey, John, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 301
Working Man's Advocate: IV, Supp., 91, 122; V, 24, 30, 32, 46;
cited, V, 49, 94, 143, 149-154. 174-177, 182, 204, 303, 305;
VII, 90, 293-305, 307-310, 312, 317-327, 325-331, 340, 344,
349-350, 352-364; VIII, 29-40, 86-99, 220-221, 226-231, 263-
265
Wurta] INDEX v*t
ff'orkingman's Advoeate. The, cited, IX, 127-141. l6v
W, 247-253, 256-269, 270-271. 273-274. HI U-. U7-.MO
Workingmen's Assembly of New York: endonr International
Workingmen's Association, IX, 355; repudiate National Labor
Union, IX, 355
Working Man's Friend, The, VI. 129
W or king Man's Gazette, V, 1 85
Working Men's Convention: VI, 66, 191; see also Tradt
semblies: Philadelphia General Trades' Union
Workingmen's Fraternal Association, VIII, 28
Working Men's Party, see Polities
Workingmen's National Society, V, 387
Workingmen's Weekly, planned, IX. \\\
Worrall. John, delegate to New York General Trades' Union, V,
298; VI. 316
Worrell, Joseph, member of jury, trial Philadelphia Cordwainers,
III, 62
Wright, — , cordwainer, IV, 41
Wright, A. J: New England Workingmen's Association, address,
VIII, 108; chairman, VIII, 92: delegate. VIII, 92. 110; presi-
dent, VIII, 105; vice president, VIII, 105; New England Work-
ingmen's Protective Union, secretary, VIII, 274-277; National
Industrial Congress, delegate, VIII, 26; Ten Hour Conven-
tion, committee member, VIII, 83
Wright, A. R., letter. II, 43
Wright, Abraham B., delegate to New York City Industrial Con-
gress, VIII, 302
Wright, Andrew, delegate to General Convention of Trades, Bos-
ton, VI, 91, 149
Wright, Charles S., delegate to New York General Trades' Union,
V, 223, 233, 243. 3i8
Wright, Frances: political influence, V, 78; quoted. V, 24; repudia-
tion of Skidmore's doctrines, V, 142; "The People at W
V, 180-181
Wright, James, II, 238
Wurts, John, counsel, trial Twenty-four Journeymen Tailors, IV,
102, 105-113. 119. 129. 130, 138, Ui-»42, !5«. »52. 153. 154.
155, 156, 158, 160-199; VI, 69
370 AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
Wygant, John, witness, trial Hudson Shoemakers, IV, 280-283,
286, 287
Wyly, Peter, carpenter, II, 371
Yarraington, William R., vote of thanks, VI, 329
Yates, Justice — , opinion, III, 238
Yates, Robert, delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 300
Yeager, John, master cordwainer, III, 105
Yearsly, — , delegate to Philadelphia Trades' Union, VI, 68, 69
Young, Charles E., delegate to Amalgamated Trades' Convention,
VIII, 316
Young, Israel: Philadelphia Trades' Union, committee member,
V, 385; VI, 68; report on prison labor, V, 51-56; vice president
of ten-hour meeting, VI, 44-46
Young, Nelson W., delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 197,
198
Young, Robert, weaver, IV, Supp., 32
Young, W. F: delegate to New York City Industrial Congress,
VIII, 302 ; editor of Voice of Industry, VIII, 83 ; New England
Workingmen's Association, cooperative policy, VIII, 121 ; mu-
tual exchange policy, VIII, 122-123 ; resolutions, VIII, 122-123 J
secretary, VIII, 113, 114; vice president of New England
League, VIII, 330
Young, W. P., II, 176
Young, William, master cordwainer, III, 34, 125-127, 131
Young, William J., member Mechanics' Union, V, 123
Young America, cited, VII, 310, 312-317, 341, 343; VIII, 44-48,
236-238 ; contrasted with The Harbinger, VII, 341 ; see Work-
ing Man's Advocate
Zell, Phillip, delegate to National Labor Union, IX, 170
Ziebrick, C, land reformer, VIII, 28
Zimmerman, John C, delegate to New York General Trades'
Union, V, 221, 276
Zoarites, VII, 319
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